How many aggregate states of matter are currently known? Detailed answer

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How many aggregate states of matter are currently known? Detailed answer

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How many aggregate states of matter are currently known?

Aggregate states of a substance are called states (phases) of the same substance in different ranges of temperatures and pressures.

Usually, gaseous, liquid, and solid states of aggregation are considered, the transitions between which are accompanied by abrupt changes in the free energy, entropy, density, and other physical characteristics of the substance. With an increase in the temperature of gases at a fixed pressure, they turn into ionized plasma, which is also considered to be a state of aggregation.

In 1995, American physicists Eric Cornell and Carl Wyman and German physicist Wolfgang Ketterle obtained the fifth state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate. In 2004, an international group of physicists discovered the sixth state of aggregation of matter - the fermion condensate.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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How did fairs come about?

In ancient times, most people lived on farms or large estates. There were no shops at that time, as small settlements were located too far from each other. In addition, there were not enough goods and people for daily trade. But people always gathered together for religious holidays, and merchants waited for the time when people gathered in large groups to sell their goods to them. This is how fairs appeared in ancient times.

The word "fair" ("fair") comes from the Latin word "feria", which means "holiday" or "holiday". The Egyptians held fairs for buying and selling when they gathered at graves and cemeteries for religious ceremonies. The Greeks held fairs and festivals in honor of their gods at Delphi, where there was a famous oracle. Long before the time of Muhammad, thousands of people made the journey to Mecca, the Arab religious and commercial center. After week-long religious ceremonies and holidays, they traded in precious jewelry, oil and leather. Trading bazaars were an important event in India, and in China, and in Persia, and among the Aztecs of Mexico.

In the Roman Empire, the bazaars were closely associated with the holding of religious festivals in honor of the harvest. The villagers brought agricultural products for these holidays and exchanged them for clothes and other goods they needed. In the old days, only some cities had the right to organize fairs. This right was given to the lord who ruled the city, the king or the first minister. Merchants who wanted to sell their goods in the bazaar had to pay the lord for permission.

Special rules and laws were defined for holding bazaars. Honesty was in the foreground so that people would not be deceived. At an early stage of civilization, warring people, meeting in the bazaar, stopped the war, as they considered the venues of the fairs to be sacred. Fairs played an important role in the development of trade. They made possible trade between the countries of the East and Europe.

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Hasselblad HV full-frame camera 09.02.2014

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