What is the Mohorovichic surface and how was it discovered? Detailed answer

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What is the Mohorovichic surface and how was it discovered? Detailed answer

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What is the Mohorovichic surface and how was it discovered?

Studying the seismograms of the 1909 earthquake, Croatian geologist Andrei Mohorovic noticed that seismic stations located at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the epicenter of the earthquake recorded two successive rows of waves, although there was only one shock.

After much thought, he decided that the waves caused by the same shock reached each of the seismic stations in two different ways inside the globe. Those that reached the station first went through the deep dense layers, where sound travels at a higher speed, while the second ones, who arrived later, went through the upper, less dense layers and therefore at a lower speed. The difference in arrival times of waves led Mohorovichich to the conclusion that at a depth of several tens of kilometers from the surface, the properties of the globe change abruptly.

As it turned out in the course of further research, the Croatian geologist discovered the interface between the earth's crust and the mantle of the Earth, which was named the Mohorovicic surface in his honor. When passing through the surface of Mohorovichich (from top to bottom), the speed of longitudinal seismic waves increases abruptly from 6,7-7,6 to 7,9-8,2 kilometers per second, and transverse - from 3,6-4,2 to 4,4 -4,7 kilometers per second.

The density of the substance also increases abruptly - from 2,9-3 to 3,1-3,5 grams per cubic centimeter.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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Who is Pythagoras?

Ancient Greece was the birthplace of many outstanding people, among which one of the most interesting is the famous scientist Pythagoras, who lived in the XNUMXth century BC. e. Pythagoras was a preacher, mathematician and philosopher. Because of his ideas and beliefs, he had to leave Greece and move to southern Italy. Why was the teaching of Pythagoras so unusual? He believed in immortality and "transmigration of souls".

In other words, Pythagoras believed that after death, souls that did not go to heaven inhabit the bodies of other people or animals. Therefore, he forbade his students to eat meat and sacrifice animals to the gods. The followers of Pythagoras, the Pythagoreans, observed many other strict rules. For example, they were supposed to remain silent and not drink wine. Of course, some of the ideas of Pythagoras may seem naive and even stupid to us.

It should not be forgotten, however, that he made a great contribution to science. He discovered that the pitch of a string is in strict mathematical relation to its length. Proceeding from this, he developed the theory of harmony and expressed the idea that numbers underlie everything that is in the Universe.

The Pythagoreans also created a theory regarding the solar system. In this area, their ideas were not far from the truth. They believed that the Earth is a sphere revolving around the star. And of course, everyone knows about the famous Pythagorean theorem, which determines the ratio of sides in a right triangle.

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Stanen is a competitor of graphene 29.11.2013

A two-dimensional layer of tin (stanene) can show an even higher level of charge mobility, and these properties appear at room temperature. Details with reference to an article in Physical Review Letters are given by the Stanford National Accelerator Laboratory.

Scientists from Stanford University, together with colleagues from Germany (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Physical Chemistry) and China (Tsinghua University), performed Ab initio calculations. This is a special class of calculations in which the results are obtained by calculations (usually quite complex and cumbersome) directly from the principles of quantum mechanics.

Simulation of a two-dimensional layer of tin atoms made it possible to establish that the spin Hall effect should be observed in such a material and, in addition, flat tin should be a topological insulator. The combination of these properties makes stanen, as scientists called the theoretically predicted form of tin, a promising material for use in microelectronics.

Topological insulators are materials that conduct current only in a thin near-surface layer. This phenomenon is fundamentally different from the skin effect (alternating current flows mainly near the surface of the conductor) and can be observed in insulators. In the case of flat tin, physicists say that the current through the stanen film will only pass along its edges.

Stanen, according to the scientists who predicted it, can be used to create microelectronic devices. In particular, the high mobility of charges will reduce the power consumption of microcircuits, and the quantum spin Hall effect can be applied in spintronics: computing systems that operate not only with charge, but also with spin currents.

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