What stars are called supernovae? Detailed answer

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What stars are called supernovae? Detailed answer

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What stars are called supernovae?

The biggest catastrophe that happens to a star is a supernova explosion. It arises at the final stage of the evolution of large-mass stars - giants and supergiants. During the most powerful explosions in a few seconds, an amount of energy is released that is comparable to the energy emitted by a star in its entire life.

During a supernova explosion, its luminosity increases by tens of stellar magnitudes. At its peak, a supernova can be brighter than the entire star system in which it erupted. Thus, the supernova that erupted in 1937 in the galaxy IC4182 was 100 times brighter than this galaxy. A supernova that exploded in our Galaxy in 1054 was clearly visible even during the day.

Like new stars, the brightness of supernovae after a maximum gradually (but several times slower and more smoothly) decreases. The spectrum of a supernova testifies to the grandiose expansion rates - several thousand kilometers per second. A supernova explosion is caused by the gravitational collapse of a star.

Supernova outbursts are a rather rare phenomenon, the last outburst in our Galaxy was observed in 1604 (at maximum brightness it was brighter than Jupiter).

Supernovae play a very important role in the evolution of the Universe, because during the explosion a shock wave is formed, which contributes to the compaction of star-forming nebulae. In addition, they throw out into space the matter that makes them up, which changes the composition of the interstellar medium, enriching it with metals. And finally, during the explosion, the star does not completely disappear: neutron stars, pulsars and black holes are formed from supernovae.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why does it only rain on certain days and not others?

When we look at the sky and see big heavy clouds there, we probably think that it will rain soon. And we tend to think that clouds are the only thing needed for it to rain. But in reality, rain is the result of a long and complex process. For it to rain, the mutual influence of the Sun, the Earth and the atmosphere is necessary. The process begins when the Earth is warmed by the Sun. This causes the water in the oceans, lakes and rivers to turn into water vapour. Water vapor mixes with air. This process is called vaporization.

Rising warm air brings water vapor into the atmosphere. Here it spreads and cools down. The warm air then gives up some of its cargo of invisible water vapor, and clouds form. This process is called condensation. Inside the cloud, the tiny droplets gradually get bigger and bigger as they collect more and more moisture.

Finally, the drops become so large that they can no longer be held aloft by the air currents, and fall to the ground in the form of rain. Now let's see why the process of rain formation occurs only at certain times.

The first stage of this process - vaporization - occurs almost constantly throughout the day. Water vapor rises into the atmosphere. But this invisible vapor does not turn into visible clouds of tiny droplets every day. This is because the vapor needs a surface on which to condense. If there are no or very few dust particles in the air, condensation cannot occur.

Small crystals of ice and snow also contribute to the formation of droplets. Usually, in order for it to rain, it is necessary for the movement of warm air masses towards cold ones or vice versa. Warm air masses contain clouds and moisture, and when these warm masses are cooled by cold masses, water droplets form and fall as rain. Therefore, weather forecasts always mention the movement of air masses. They tell us whether it will rain or not.

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