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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
TO THE INVENTOR'S FILE
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
Make a card! Jules Verne did not patent inventions, he simply described them in his novels. But in order to come up with technical and scientific innovations, Jules Verne all his life - from his youth - followed the latest in science and technology, made extracts from books, magazines, newspapers. Biographers claim that 20 thousand cards with extracts on technology, geography, physics, astronomy have accumulated in the card file of the great writer ... Many modern inventors regularly replenish their personal filing cabinets. The basis of such file cabinets is usually information on the inventive application of physical, chemical and geometric effects. Descriptions of strong techniques and all sorts of inventive tricks. Information about new substances and new materials. In a word, everything that can be useful in solving problems. The card file is gradually replenished and from some time begins to help in the search for new ideas. Sometimes an old and seemingly forgotten card allows you to immediately solve a difficult problem. There is a sheet in my file cabinet with an extract from a book that is exactly one hundred years old. The book is called like this: WONDERS OF THE WORLD Science for the benefit and wealth of man. Three volumes with many drawings. Compiled by Danilovich and Kustarevsky, edited by A. Slavsky. Moscow Warehouse of the publication at the bookseller S. I. Leukhin. 1886 Here is an extract from that book: "§ 89. Instantaneous blooming of a flower under the influence of electricity. The conjurer takes a freshly cut bud of some flower, mostly a rose or a camellia, the twig of which is covered with wax in the place where it was cut, and shows it beforehand to the audience in order to prove to them that there are no devices in the bud and nothing at all. artificial. Then he removes the wax, sticks a twig on a long wire and puts it in turn on the table, saying that he does this so that everyone can see that there is no substitution. After that, he makes a sign to his assistant, who connects the battery to the wire, and in this way the current of electricity reaches and penetrates into the bud, and under the influence of this great power, in front of the audience, the bud begins to gain weight and quickly blossoms, turning into a luxurious flower ... " A hundred years ago, this was an almost unbelievable trick, and now they take place in physics classes in the seventh grade: charges of the same name repel, opposite charges attract. The magician charged the flower petals with the same charges - that's the whole trick. The trick is simple, but it solves problems 76 and 78. The hairs of a fur skin will "stand on end" if charged with the same charges (author's certificate No. 563 437). The petals of the flower, charged with the same name, remain open even in strong winds (author's certificate No. 755 247). Quite modern inventions, made according to an old tip. And how many such inventions can be made! See the article "Attracted - repelled" in the journal "Technology and Science", 1981, No. 7. The inventor listens to the "pulse" How to determine on the go if there is a crack in the bearing? A “healthy” bearing has one oscillation frequency (it can be measured in advance), and a “sick” one has a different one, because a crack divides the bearing into two parts, the length and, therefore, the oscillation frequency change. In recent years, many copyright certificates have been issued for such inventions. In the past, for example, when polishing metal strips, it was necessary to stop the process frequently in order to measure the thickness of the strip. And now it is measured without interrupting work: the tape, which is in an acid solution, is forced to oscillate and its thickness is judged by the frequency of oscillations. Doctors measure a person's pulse - this is the easiest way to find out about the state of the body. The oscillation frequency is something like a pulse: it tells about the state of the parts from which machines and mechanisms are assembled. The length has changed, the mass has become different, otherwise the external environment presses on the part - the frequency of oscillations immediately changes. The doctor who does not know about the pulse is bad. The inventor also needs to firmly remember that each "piece of iron" has a "pulse" that very accurately signals its state. Now for a simple task. Piles are driven into the ground. How to check if the ground holds them firmly enough? Balloons, water and fantasy Many countries have thought about how to reduce the loss of oil from reservoirs. In summer, the reservoirs get very hot and a lot of oil escapes. It would seem that it is not difficult to cover the oily liquid with a floating "lid". Such a "float" would go down as the oil level went down. But here's the problem: the walls of the reservoir are uneven, there is a gap between the "lid" and the walls, the oil evaporates. They began to come up with "lids" with flexible, "grinding" edges. It turned out to be difficult and expensive. Technical contradiction: by reducing oil losses, you complicate the equipment. And then a very simple suggestion appeared: to fill the tank with small balls - like those used to play table tennis, only a little smaller. The balls will securely close the surface with any shape of the tank walls. Isn't it an ingenious invention? The skill of the inventor is manifested in the fact that a complex problem is solved by very simple means.
Now imagine a workshop in which a layer of nickel or chromium is applied to metal products. Instead of machine tools - baths, products are lowered into them. And in the baths - solutions of salts harmful to humans. How to be? Make lids? But all the time you have to lower the products into the baths and remove the finished products, the covers will interfere with the work. Again a contradiction, very similar to what was in the previous problem. And the same contradictions are equally eliminated. You probably guessed it: you need to cover the surface of the bath with a layer of balls. Such a "lid" will delay acid splashes, but will not interfere with work. Recently, a factory needed to cut a thick steel sheet. When cutting, the sheet had to be moved, rotated. But how to do this if the sheet weighs more than one and a half tons and has a length of about six meters? And again rescued floating balls. After all, each ball can carry some kind of load. You can take a lot of balls, and the balls themselves can be large. So, they will withstand a solid load. This is how the idea of the float conveyor was born. The simplicity of this pipeline is striking. Water flows through the tray, and hollow metal balls float from above, carrying the load, that's all. bag air How to transport fragile glassware by rail? About twenty years ago, inventors proposed using flexible plastic bags for this: air is pumped into the bags, and they tightly and gently clamp the load. "Bag + air" - the mechanism is very simple and convenient. It is not surprising that inventors began to use it in solving various problems that required one object to be pressed tightly against another. It is necessary, for example, to clamp a fragile object when sawing - an "air bag" is used (author's certificate No. 409 875). It was necessary to firmly press one plate of a powerful electric switch to another - again an "air bag" (US patent No. 3 305 652). It is necessary to press the magnetic tape to the roller of the tape recorder - again the "air bag" (author's certificate No. 268 691). Even the heavy plaster bandages applied for fractures were proposed by the inventors to be replaced by "air sacs"...
Is it possible to improve the "air bag" itself? You know a very strong trick: iron powder is added to a substance and the substance is acted upon by a magnet or an electromagnet. And recently a new invention appeared (author's certificate No. 534 551): iron powder was poured inside the "air bag", and an electromagnet began to act on the powder from the outside. "Air bag" acquired a new property - it became possible to easily change the force of pressing the bag to the part. So far, a "magnetized bag" has been proposed for pressing parts when grinding. But it is not difficult to predict that gradually the inventors will "magnetize" many other "air bags". Invented by nature What should be the car moving underground? This question was asked to the readers of Pionerskaya Pravda. Here is a typical answer: "We take a tractor, in front we install shovels that cut the ground." To move forward at least a meter, such a machine will have to "shovel" a lot of land: the tractor is too wide and high, it is not suitable for movement in a narrow space. Machines designed to work in one environment cannot be transferred to other environments. There were projects under - zemokhodov with wings. And why are wings under the rover? ..
In all projects, the dredger threw the soil back. But the mole - a living underground machine - works differently, it leaves behind an empty tunnel, through which it is easy to return. About twenty years ago, engineer Alexander Trebelev conceived the idea of building an underground vehicle and conducted interesting experiments with moles. Trebelev launched a mole into a box with rammed earth and shone through the box with X-rays. It turned out that the mole was constantly turning its head, pressing the soil into the walls of the tunnel. A few years ago, a group of Soviet inventors received an author's certificate for an "artificial mole". The cutting cone is located at the front of the machine. It not only cuts the ground, but also, like the head of a mole, swings, pressing the particles of the earth into the walls of the tunnel. As you can see, the inventor needs to know not only the technique. A good inventor must also understand biology, know what has already been created by nature. Bypass Archimedes When Sasha Zhdan-Pushkin came to the Baku Public Institute of Inventive Creativity, the selection committee, to be honest, was confused. Will a seventh grader be able to study together with candidates of sciences, engineers, senior students? Sasha worked for two years, mastering the techniques of inventive creativity, solving problems, learning to navigate patent information. And he himself sent an application for a new solution to a technical problem to the Institute of State Patent Examination. Soon the answer came: Sasha's proposal was recognized as an invention. Imagine a float in a tank of water. The float supports one of the parts of the machine. According to the law of Archimedes, the supporting force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the float. And if you need to increase the supporting force by 10-12 times? It is impossible to make the float larger, there is no place. Replace water with a heavier liquid? It's expensive, and the supporting force will only increase three to four times. You need to somehow get around the law of Archimedes. That's how?.. The idea of Sasha's invention is this: the smallest iron powder is poured into the water and the resulting suspension is acted upon by a magnetic field. The specific gravity of water can be increased by 10 - 12 times. Based on his invention, Sasha defended his thesis at the Institute of Inventive Creativity. Unanimous assessment of the commission: the task is solved perfectly! And the sun caresses its wings... There are inventions whose fate surprisingly resembles the story of the ugly duckling told by Andersen. They are also pecked, pushed, showered with ridicule ... The first steamship that crossed the Atlantic Ocean traveled most of the way ... under sail. There were no passengers or cargo on the ship. All the holds were filled with coal - and yet there was not enough fuel. Newspapers wrote: "Steamboat trips across the ocean are nonsense. The ship carries fuel for itself!" The first vacuum cleaner (it was built in 1901) barely fit in a wagon, which was pulled with difficulty by two hefty horses. This structure drove up to the house, the workers unwound the hose, pulled it into the room, started the engines - and the cleaning began. A crowd immediately gathered: they laughed at the roaring car, they threw stones at it ... The first pocket watches were so heavy that they could not be carried in a pocket. The owners often hired servants to carry the watch behind them. That was a joke... The energy of the first solar engine was barely enough to power a small printing press that printed the newspaper "The Sun". On cloudy days, the newspaper was not published, this served as an occasion for countless cartoons and ridicule ... But was the idea of using solar energy wrong? Today, solar cells power satellites and spaceships, power lighthouses, pump pumps in deserts.
New machines should be judged not by their unsightly appearance, but by the strength of the ideas embedded in them. The day comes when the ugly duckling becomes a snow-white swan. And, as Andersen said, the old swans bow their heads before him, and the sun caresses his wings. A ship in a tiger skin Inventor G. N. Sutyagin suggested covering ships with artificial fur - this should reduce the friction of the ship against water and air. Imagine a port with such ships. Fitted liners in artificial cheetah furs, speed boats in synthetic tiger and leopard skins, heavy tankers covered in bear fur, slender yachts in ermine coats... In the meantime, it makes sense to think about applying this idea to modeling and sports equipment.
The ocean must be clear While sailing on the "Ra-1" and "Ra-2" Thor Heyerdahl was amazed at how badly polluted the Atlantic Ocean. At times oil slicks extended from horizon to horizon. About one percent of transported oil gets into the oceans and seas - that's millions of tons ... Inventors are intensively looking for ways to combat this type of pollution. They try to burn oil slicks, they collect them with huge plastic "sponges". One of the most interesting ways is that oil slicks are sprinkled with magnetic powder. It turns out a mixture with magnetic properties. With the help of an electromagnet, such a mixture can be collected from the surface and lifted into the tanks of an oil trap vessel.
But tankers are getting bigger. A tanker with a capacity of half a million tons recently suffered an accident. Luckily it was an empty flight. What if half a million tons of oil spilled? How to collect a giant oil lake? So far, there is no good solution to this problem. Inventors continue to search. A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it ... At first glance, the stories told by Captain Vrungel are absolutely incredible. But if you think about them, it turns out that almost all of them contain grains of interesting inventive ideas. Like the inventions of Baron Munchausen. There are many inventive ideas in books about Gulliver, Alice, the Little Prince. Writers come up with unusual, sometimes hopeless situations, and then force their characters to "get out" somehow. And it turns out that funny books not only make you laugh, but also teach you how to think, suggest how to cope with unexpected tasks. Remember what happened to Vrungel in Canada? It was necessary to cross to Alaska on sleds, and the crew of the "Trouble" acquired a deer and a dog. And suddenly it turned out that the deer was not a deer at all, but ... a cow. The dog also turned out to be not a dog, but a wolf cub. Liar - gel, however, found a witty way out: the wolf cub was harnessed behind the cow, and she, frightened, rushed off at great speed ... Approximately the same thing happened with Baron Munchausen, when he was pursued by a lion, and a crocodile was waiting ahead. Munchausen managed to combine, add up two "minuses", and they mutually canceled out... In the theory of invention, this technique sounds like this: a harmful factor must be added to another harmful factor so that the sum is equal to zero. One can give such an example. Doctors have been looking for a way to remove birthmarks for a long time. Tried every possible means to remove the red color, nothing worked. And then they found a solution "according to Vrungel and Munchausen": they began to inject green paint under the skin. By itself, the paint would give a bright green spot. But when added to the red pigment of the birthmark, "green" and "red" mutually neutralize, become invisible ... One for two A good inventor can be recognized "by handwriting" - by the characteristic features of what and how he invents. Captain Vrungel also has such a "handwriting". Most of Vrungel's inventions are based on the fact that some object begins to play an unusual role for him. The lifebuoy from "Trouble" becomes a collar, the copper letters "B-e-d-a" turn into horseshoes, a fire extinguisher is used to fight a boa constrictor, and even squirrels replace the engine ...
Making one object do double work is a powerful inventive technique, it is used very widely. When the Venera-12 space station was being designed, at the very last moment it was necessary to place another instrument weighing six kilograms in the descent vehicle. The designers did not even want to hear about it: what six kilograms can we talk about if every gram is taken into account and distributed and it is impossible to increase the weight of the device ?! And yet they found a way out - directly according to the "recipe" of Captain Vrungel ... If the ship goes without cargo, it is necessary to load ballast - sand, water - for stability. Vrungel took earth instead of sand. It served as a ballast and at the same time the soil on which the palm-mast grew ...
On the descending apparatus of the Venera-12 station, it was also supposed to install a "ballast" - the so-called centering weight, forcing the spherical apparatus to descend in a strictly defined position. Instead of a centering weight, another device was installed - it worked both as a load and as a device ... "Let's put our heads on the fence..." Remember how Alice met the eccentric Knight in the Looking Glass? "-At this moment, I just invented a new way to climb over the fence. Tell me? "Please," Alice said politely. "That's how I came up with it," the Knight continued. - You see, I reasoned like this. the main difficulty in the legs is how to raise them up. Head and so on top! So, like this: first we put our head on the fence - the head, then, is already at the top. Then we stand on our heads - then the legs are also upstairs, right? And jump over the fence! Well, what do you say?"
Alice did not really believe the Knight - he had many bad ideas. But the strange way of climbing over the fence really turned out to be an interesting invention. Soviet inventors G. Katys and I. Melnichenko built an all-terrain vehicle that works exactly as the Knight told. The all-terrain vehicle consists of two carts connected by a frame. One cart lies on top of another. Approaching the obstacle, the all-terrain vehicle puts the upper cart on it: as the Knight rightly noted, this is not difficult to do - after all, the cart is already at the top! On the frame connecting the carts, the load passes from the lower cart to the upper one. Now it remains to raise the lower cart, put it on the upper one - and the all-terrain vehicle can move on ... Does an inventor need fantasy? Once, along with the answers to an inventive problem in Pionerskaya Pravda, a letter arrived that said: “We had a debate in our class: is it worth reading science fiction? ". Well, the opinion is quite common... and wrong. Fiction seeks to see the future, but is it unrealistic? Fantasts described planes, submarines, televisions when there was nothing like it yet. But today it has become a reality! Science fiction writers write about flights beyond the solar system, about robots, about the restructuring of the human body. In 20 years, this will also become a reality. Fiction is a spotlight that illuminates the future. And those who are in school today will have to live in this future. There are, of course, completely unrealistic fantastic ideas. But they are also useful, because they develop the imagination, teach to think. You can't fly to the moon in a cannonball, but Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky wrote that the first impetus to his work was given by Jules Verne's novel "From a Cannon to the Moon". To make real inventions and real discoveries, you need fantasy. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin called fantasy the quality of the greatest value. The power of mind Fantasy is the mobility of thought, its, so to speak, "jumping". A modern inventor needs to read science fiction - this reduces psychological inertia, increases the power of the imagination. Fantasy must be developed using such techniques as the RVS operator, MMP, IFR. We live in an era of scientific and technological revolution. The main thing in this revolution is not that there are new cars. They have appeared before. The main thing is that the way of "inventing" new machines is changing. Disorganized thinking is being replaced by a strict organization of thinking when solving creative problems. Each movement of thought must be precise and measured, like the movements of a pilot flying an airplane. Once upon a time, at the dawn of history, man tamed fire. Now he is learning to control an even more powerful force - the power of the mind, penetrating into the unknown.
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