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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
BUILD A MODEL OF THE PROBLEM
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
Thirty years ago, the first algorithm for solving inventive problems (abbreviated as ARIZ) was developed. The word "algorithm" means a program, a sequence of actions. In mathematics lessons you often came across algorithms. For example, the rules for extracting a square root are an algorithm, a sequence of certain operations: you need to write down a given number, break the numbers into pairs, extract the root from the first pair of numbers (or from one number), write down this root, etc. Algorithms are found not only in mathematics. Here is the rule for crossing the street: “First, look to the left to see if there are any cars; walk; when you reach the middle of the street, look to the right; walk” - this is also an algorithm. In the first chapter I said: we need a bridge from the problem to the answer. ARIZ serves as such a bridge. ARIZ has seven parts, each part consists of a number of steps, about fifty in total, with most steps including several operations. There are rules to help avoid mistakes when “stepping”; these rules can probably be compared to the railings of a bridge. There are lists of main techniques and tables for using physical effects... A complex structure - instead of a simple “what if we do it this way?” The first part of ARIZ is problem statement. You already know something about this: we discussed the question of when it is necessary to solve a given problem (that is, to improve a technical system), and when it is necessary to replace it (to look for something fundamentally new). The RVS operator is also included in the first part of ARIZ. But we have not yet talked about one very important step - the use of so-called standards. Along with simple techniques, there are also complex ones, including several simple ones. Simple techniques are universal; they can be used to solve a wide variety of problems. The more complex the sets of techniques, the more tightly they are tied to a certain class of tasks. But the power of specialized complexes is very great: for problems belonging to their own classes, complex techniques provide original solutions that are close to IFR. Such complexes (more precisely, the strongest of them) are called standards. By the way, we got acquainted with one of them: if you need to move a substance, compress it, stretch it, crush it, in a word, if you need to control the substance and if this substance does not deteriorate from additives, the problem is solved by introducing ferromagnetic particles into the substance, controlled by a magnetic field. The first part of ARIZ provides for checking the problem: can it be solved immediately according to the standards? If the task is standard, there is no point in going further with ARIZ. It’s easier to apply the standards and get a ready-made answer. More than eighty standards have been developed. The first part of ARIZ eliminates standard tasks, and changes and clarifies non-standard ones. A vague and foggy situation turns into a clear and correctly formulated task. In the second part of ARIZ, another transition is made: from a task to a task model. There are many “actors” in a problem—parts of the system. And in the model there are only two “actors”; the conflict between them is a technical contradiction. Very often, a problem model includes an object and the external environment surrounding the object. Remember, for example, the slag problem. The object is hot slag. The external environment is cold air in contact with the surface of the slag. In the situation and task we are talking about real technical systems, and in the model of the task two parts of the system are mentally distinguished. Molten slag hangs in the air, and above it is a column of cold air. That's the whole model! Blast furnaces, railway platforms, even buckets - all this is not included in the model. There are only two conflicting parts left, and this is already a huge step forward. After all, together with other parts, we discard many “empty” options that would have to be considered. ARIZ has rules on how to build a problem model. The model must always include the product. The second element of the model is what processes and changes the product - a tool or part of it that directly affects the product. Correct choice of conflicting couples sometimes immediately leads to a solution. Let's look at a simple problem. Problem 50. A POOD OF GOLD In a small laboratory, the effect of hot acid on alloys was studied. 15-20 cubes of different alloys were placed in a chamber with thick steel walls and acid was poured in. Then the chamber was closed and the electric oven was turned on. The experiment lasted one to two weeks, then the cubes were taken out and their surface was examined under a microscope. “Our affairs are bad,” the head of the laboratory once said. - Acid corrodes the walls of the chamber. “We should cover them with something,” one employee suggested. - Maybe gold... "Or platinum," said another. “It won’t work,” the manager objected. - We will gain in sustainability, we will lose in cost. I was already doing the math: I need a pound of gold... And then an inventor appeared. - Why waste gold? - he said. - Let's look at the problem model and automatically get another solution... How to build a task model? What is the answer to the problem? Let's figure it out together. The problem gives a technical system consisting of three parts - a chamber, an acid and cubes. It is usually believed that this is the task of preventing corrosion of the walls from the action of acid. That is, voluntarily or involuntarily, they consider the conflict between the camera and the acid, and look for means to protect the camera from the acid. Can you imagine what happens? A modest laboratory researching alloys must abandon this work and begin to solve the most difficult problem on which thousands of researchers have worked and are working without much success: how to protect steel from corrosion. Let's even assume that this problem can eventually be solved. But a lot of time will pass, and tests of alloys need to be carried out today, tomorrow... We use the rule for constructing models. The product is a cube. The cube is affected by acid. Here is the model of the problem - a cube and an acid. The camera just doesn't hit the model! We only need to consider the conflict between the cubes and the acid. This is where the fun begins. The acid corrodes the chamber walls. It is clear what the conflict is between the camera and the acid. But our problem model includes only a cube and an acid. What is the conflict between them?! What is the task now? Is the acid corroding the walls of the cube? Let it eat away! This is why tests are carried out. It turns out there is no conflict... To understand the essence of the conflict between the cube and the acid, we must remember that we did not include a camera in the model. The acid must stay near the cube without a chamber, but the acid itself will not do this, it will spread... This is the conflict we have to eliminate. We replaced a very difficult problem (how to prevent corrosion) with a very easy one (how to prevent the acid near the cube from spilling). The answer is clear without further analysis: you need to make the cube hollow, like a glass, and pour the acid inside the cube. You can come to the answer using Su-field analysis. The gravitational field Ptr (gravity) changes the state of acid B1 (causes it to spill) and does not change the state of cube B2:
There is no su-field, at least one arrow is missing. There can only be two options:
The first option: the acid transfers its weight to the cube, pressing on the cube. To do this, you will have to pour the acid inside the cube. Second option: the cube and the acid experience the same effect of the gravitational field. The spilled acid falls freely, and the cube falls freely. In this case, the acid will not leave the cube. Theoretically, the answer is suitable, although practically - for the conditions of our problem - it is too complicated. Please note: the guess gave one answer, the analysis “caught” both. Yes, Sherlock Holmes did not reject the guess for nothing...
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