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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
FEPOL FROM THE GENUS OF VEPOLES
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
And now one of the most difficult tasks. However, you have already seen more than once that a difficult task is difficult only as long as we do not know the laws of development of technical systems. Problem 22. POLYGON-UNIVERSAL At the factory that produced agricultural machinery, there was a small training ground - a plot of land surrounded by a fence. New car designs were tested at the test site: how they start, how they turn around. And then it became known that in the near future the plant will have to produce cars for many countries, and each of these countries needs cars designed for different soils. “We need one hundred and forty polygons,” the director said to the engineers gathered in his office. - Where will we get so much space?! “And so much money,” added the chief accountant. - No, it’s simply unrealistic to build one hundred and forty polygons! The situation is hopeless... And then an inventor appeared. - There are no hopeless situations! - he exclaimed. - One universal testing ground can replace one hundred and forty. To do this you need... What is needed for this - what do you think? I hope you don't suggest: - divide one polygon into one hundred and forty small ones (the factory polygon is very small); - transport cars for testing to different countries (each new car has to be tested dozens of times; can you imagine the costs?); - change the soil at the training ground in the same way as changing the arena in a circus (one hundred and forty mobile “arenas” are a gigantic structure); - freeze and thaw the soil (this is too slow); - export and import different types of soil (this is slow and very expensive)... Such ideas give a win in one thing. But they lead to a loss in another way. But we need to overcome the technical contradiction: learn to change the properties of the soil at the landfill without paying for it with unacceptable complication, increase in cost, or increase in the landfill. Let's first write down the conditions of the problem. What is given? Given soil, we denote it by the letter B1 (substance). You need to learn how to control the properties of B1 by acting on B1 with some forces. Let us denote these forces by the letter P (field of forces). This results in the following diagram:
There are four known fields in physics: gravitational, electromagnetic (in particular, electric and magnetic fields) and two nuclear fields - the so-called weak and strong interactions. In technology, the terms “thermal field” and “mechanical field” are also used. So, six fields. Let’s immediately discard nuclear fields: we need a very simple solution to the problem. Let’s also discard the gravitational field: science has not yet learned how to control the force of gravity. Three fields remain. Now it is clear why the task is difficult. The soil does not respond to the action of electromagnetic forces and is very reluctant to respond to the action of mechanical and thermal fields. The physical contradiction is clearly visible: field P should act on substance B1 - this is required by the conditions of the problem - and field P should not act on substance B1, because the fields at our disposal poorly control the properties of this substance. This contradiction occurs in many problems. And they always overcome it in the same way. If it is impossible to ensure a direct action of n on B1, you need to go around. Let field P act on substance B1 through some other substance B2, which responds well to the action of one or another field:
There is action (bypassing), and there is no action (direct) ... Let's say we decide to use a magnetic field. What should the substance B2 be like in this case? The answer is obvious: you need to take a ferromagnetic substance, say iron powder, which easily mixes with B1. Magnetized particles are attracted to each other. The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the force of attraction. A mixture of soil plus ferromagnetic powder in a strong magnetic field can acquire the strength of granite. And it can be loose and mobile, like sand in the desert... So, if you add iron powder to some substance, then using a magnetic field you can easily change the properties of this substance, control it - compress, stretch, bend, move, etc. Now, in addition to eight techniques, you have two more sets of techniques: the combination of “split - combine” and the combination of “add magnetic powder and act with a magnetic field.” Moreover, this last combination has exceptional power. Here are some examples. Tankers sometimes dump oil-contaminated water into the ocean. This is subject to a large fine, but how can one prove that the oil was discharged from a given ship? Recently an ingenious method was proposed. When loading the oil, tiny magnetic particles are added (for each ship - particles with certain magnetic properties). Having discovered an oil slick in the ocean, a patrol ship takes a sample of the oil and, using magnetic tags, easily finds the culprit for polluting the water. When making particle boards, it is desirable that the elongated chips are not arranged haphazardly, but along the length of the board - this increases its strength. But how to do that? After all, you won’t be turning each chip by hand... The inventor suggested using magnetic powder. Powder particles firmly cling to each chip, and a magnet turns the chips as needed. You can also make magnetic powder stick to cotton fibers. This will greatly simplify spinning and weaving; the fibers will be subject to the action of magnetic fields. Then the powder particles can be easily washed off: the quality of the fabric will not deteriorate. If you add magnetic particles to the composition from which match heads are made, you will get “magnetized” matches - they can be easily placed in boxes. In general, adding magnetic particles to any product often helps automate styling. Now this is a very easy task. Actually, it is no easier than the test site problem. But you should solve the problem without any difficulty. Problem 23. WELL, HARE, WAIT! To shoot a cartoon, they make a lot of drawings. There are 52 drawings in every meter of film, and over 15000 in a ten-minute film! One film studio decided to make a contour film. This is how you shoot a contour film. The artist lays out a drawing using colored cord on a plywood board. The cameraman shoots the frame, the artist moves the cord, the cameraman shoots the frame again, and so on. Still, it’s easier to move the cord than to make a whole drawing. “Oh, things are going slowly,” said the operator. “Slowly,” the artist agreed, correcting the image of the hare. - For this bunny to run across the screen, we will spend a working day, no less. And then an inventor appeared. Well, hare, wait! he said decisively. We will shake you... What do you think the inventor proposed?
The “triumvirate”, which includes a substance, ferromagnetic powder and a magnetic field, is called phenol (from the words “ferromagnetic powder” and “iole”). But such “triumvirates” can be built with other fields. Just remember problem 15 - about a stubborn spring. You probably guessed that the spring needs to be “hidden” in ice, and to do this, make up a “triumvirate” of thermal zero P1, spring B1 and ice B2:
It is very inconvenient to control the spring directly - this is the essence of the problem. It is controlled by freezing and defrosting ice (dry ice is best so that there is no water when it melts). In problem 9 about the enlargement of liquid droplets, one substance is given - droplets. You can immediately say: to solve the problem you will need one more substance and a field. In the simplest case, you can add ferromagnetic particles to the liquid and control the “sticking together” of droplets using a magnetic field. And if you can not add any foreign particles to the liquid? A contradiction arises: there must be a second substance, and there must not be a second substance. Let's divide the flow into two parts, charge one of them positively, the other - negatively. The contradiction has been resolved! We have one substance, we did not add other substances - and yet we seem to have two different substances... A system of two substances and an electric field has been built, the problem has been solved: oppositely charged drops will stick together. Such a system is easy to control by increasing or decreasing the amount of charges. “Triumvirates” with any fields (not only magnetic) are conventionally called “su-fields” (from the words “matter” and “field”). So fepol is a special case of su-field. Like a right triangle - a special (albeit very important) case of a triangle in general. It was not by chance that I compared vepoles with triangles. The concept of "supol" plays as important a role in the theory of solving inventive problems as the concept of "triangle" in mathematics. Triangle is a minimal geometric figure. Any complex figure can be divided into triangles. And if we can solve problems with triangles, we can solve problems with any other shapes. It’s the same in technology: if we know how to solve problems “on the surface,” then we can also cope with problems associated with complex technical systems.
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