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CROSSWORD HANDBOOK
Reference book crossword. Quick word search by mask. Terms and concepts of philosophy Crosswordist's Handbook / Index
Science, education, medicine / Philosophy / Terms and concepts of philosophy (2) LI is one of the most important terms in Chinese classical philosophy, especially Confucianism. (3) GOD - in developed religious systems, the Absolute, incomprehensible in His Being, revealing Himself in the creation of the world and care for it DAO is the concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, meaning that: having neither name nor form, being eternally one, unchanged, imperishable, existing from time immemorial, being inaudible, invisible, inaccessible for comprehension - indefinable, but perfect, being in a state of rest and inescapable movement, acting as the root cause of all changes - is the "mother of all things", "the root of everything" EVIL is a value concept that is opposite to good (good), a universal of culture, fundamental for morality and ethics YIN - feminine, passive, weak and often destructive side of reality CODE - a set of signs (symbols) and a system of certain rules by which information is represented, processed, transmitted and stored. Cultural codes characterize different types of cultures MYTH - a stage and form of cultural development, characterized by a movement from understanding the world through perceptions, phonemes to understanding through language, sentences, narratives NTP (Scientific and technical progress) - a single, interdependent, progressive development of science and technology NTR (Scientific and Technical Revolution) - a fundamental qualitative change in the role of man, science and technology in the development of society, which occurred in the second half of the XNUMXth century YANG - masculine, strong and creative beginning (4) ARCHE - the first matter, pra-matter, the initial state of things, the oldest form in the historical sense of the word BELIEF is an emotional and personal way of a person's attitude to the world (natural or supernatural), which consists in accepting the reality of this world without the need for appropriate evidence. DUTY is one of the fundamental concepts of ethics, which denotes a morally reasoned coercion to act, a moral necessity fixed as a subjective principle of behavior SOUL - can stay in the body of a person, animal, plant, and its resettlement occurs in accordance with the law of karma (retribution) ZHEN - "humanity", "humanity", "philanthropy", "mercy", "kindness" SIGN - a material object that in some respect replaces another object and contains information about it YOGA is a religious and idalistic doctrine that arose in ancient India. FALSE - not true, the opposite of truth STANDING - a trend widespread in ancient Greek philosophy FACT - 1) a synonym for the concepts of truth, event, result, something real as opposed to fictitious, concrete, single in contrast to the abstract and general, 2) in the philosophy of science - a special kind of sentence fixing empirical knowledge CHAOS - in modern culture, a concept associated with the design in non-classical European culture of the paradigm matrix for the study of nonlinear processes MIRACLE - an unusual event that contradicts the natural course of things and is prescribed by the intervention of supernatural forces LANGUAGE is the primary, most natural and public representation of the world. The naturalness of the language, which makes itself felt in its presence in any society (a living being without this or that language is unknown to science), is provided by the ability of the body to navigate in its environment. (5) ATMAN - one of the basic concepts in the religious and mythological system of Hinduism, denotes the subjective mental principle, individual, being, "soul", understood both in personal and universal terms BUDDHA - in Buddhism, a being who has reached absolute perfection in the course of many rebirths and is able to show others the path to religious salvation BEING - a category that fixes the basis of existence (for the world as a whole or for any kind of existing), in the structure of philosophical knowledge it is the subject of ontology, in the theory of knowledge it is considered as basic for any possible picture of the world and for all other categories TIME - a form of successive change of phenomena and the duration of states of matter DEISM - a religious concept in which God is seen as the First Cause of the world, but not as the Almighty GOOD - in the broad sense of the word, as a good means a value representation that expresses the positive value of something in its relation to a certain standard or this standard itself DOGMA - a doctrine or a separate position, accepted only on the basis of faith or blind obedience to authority LIFE is a specific form of matter organization, characterized by the unity of three points: 1) a hereditary program recorded in a set of genes (genome), i.e. in the corresponding nucleotide sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 2) metabolism, the specificity of which is determined by the hereditary program, 3) self-reproduction in accordance with this program LAW - 1) the necessary connection (relationship, relationship) between events, phenomena, as well as between the internal states of objects, which determines their stability, survival, development, stagnation or destruction, 2) statements that claim to display these connections and, as a rule, included part of scientific theories, 3) axioms and theorems of the theory, the subject matter of which are objects, the meaning and meaning of which is given and explicated by these theories themselves, 4) some requirements and normative prescriptions developed and supported in a certain way by the human community and its institutions, which must perform individuals, legal entities and other subjects of morality and law KARMA - in the teachings of Indian religions - a special mystical power, an immutable automatically operating "law of retribution" for a set of actions, intentions, aspirations, which determines the fate of a living being in subsequent reincarnations CLASS - a finite or infinite collection of objects, singled out according to their common feature (property or relation), conceivable as something whole METHOD - a system of prescriptions (rules and norms) regulating cognitive activity aimed at obtaining knowledge SCIENCE - a specific area of human activity aimed at the production and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality REST - a form of establishing a measure, non-equilibrium stability between opposites SOPHIA - the semantic image of ancient, and later Christian and European culture in general, fixing in its content the idea of the semantic fullness of the world THEISM - belief in a single individual, self-conscious and self-acting God, existing as the creator, keeper and ruler of the world, outside the world and above all worldly things THEISM - a religious worldview that interprets God as a personal Absolute, Creator and Almighty ELITE - a group of people who have concentrated in their hands the highest, most valuable functions for society, together with the people, constitutes a dual opposition, the poles of which are in a state of ambivalence ETHICS - practical philosophy, the science of morality (morality) (6) ANALYSIS - the procedure of mental, and often real, dismemberment of the object under study (object, phenomenon, process), the properties of the object or the relationship between objects into parts (features, properties, relationships) Aporia - a difficult task to solve ATHEISM - denial of God AFFECT - a certain emotional state that has strong feelings and strong-willed impulses to the detriment of clarity of thinking. It is believed that without strong affects there can be no successful creativity. KNOWLEDGE - the result of the process of cognition of reality, confirmed in practice, an adequate reflection of objective reality in the mind of a person (representations, concepts, judgments, theories) TRUTH - a category of philosophy and culture, denoting an adequate reproduction of the object in the mind of the subject LIBIDO is a term from the philosophy of psychoanalysis by Z. Freud, meaning an innate instinctive sexual, mainly, urge, the elemental force of desire. K.-G. Jung expands the concept of libido to psychic energy in general LOGIC - the universal border of the givenness of things in the world, which itself remains invisible, a technique for indirectly revealing this border MONAD is a term denoting the simplest element, an indivisible part of being. Often the term monad denotes spiritual nature as opposed to the material particle atom MONISM is a way of considering the diversity of the phenomena of the world in the light of a single basis (substance) of everything that exists. The opposite of monism is dualism (recognizing two independent principles) and pluralism (coming from the plurality of principles) MORAL - the concept of European philosophy, which serves to generalize the expression of the sphere of higher values and obligations RODINA (Fatherland) - the country of fathers, the country where a person was born, of which he is a citizen SYMBOL - a distinctive sign, which is given special meaning by any group of people. A symbol is always ambiguous, it keeps a secret, a hint, understandable only to the initiated. Symbols affect all aspects of human life: they allow and forbid, prescribe and conquer SYNTHESIS - the combination of various elements, aspects of the subject into a single whole (system), which is carried out both in practical activities and in the process of cognition DEATH - the termination of life, the natural end of a single living being or the forcible killing of not only individuals, but also entire species of animals and plants due to environmental disasters and the predatory attitude of man to nature Sophistry - imaginary evidence, formally true, but false in essence STRATA - an element of the social structure, constructed on the basis of a multidimensional classification and organized in a hierarchical order THEORY - in a broad sense, a set of views, ideas, ideas aimed at interpreting and explaining a phenomenon, in a narrower and more specialized sense - the highest, most developed form of organization of scientific knowledge, giving a holistic view of the patterns and essential connections of a certain area of reality - object of this theory TICHISM - the doctrine of the dominance of chance in the universe THOMISM - the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and his followers (subordination of the will to reason) HOLISM - the doctrine of the integrity of the world in all its main areas - mental, biological and the most external and most rational physical reality EMOTION - the reaction of humans and animals to the impact of any stimuli. The term denotes all kinds of sensitivity and experiences. Emotional thinking is influenced by feelings, moods (7) ARCHETYPE - prototype, primary form, pattern. K.-G. Jung uses this term to define the structural elements of the collective unconscious underlying the psyche of a person and ethnic groups. The archetype is the same for all human cultures, but crushed by the norms and standards of modern culture BRAHMAN - a representative of the highest caste in India, a priest in Brahmanism and Hinduism Taoism - the doctrine of the Tao, or "way" (of things) DISCOURSE - knowledge obtained on the basis of previous judgments, recorded in letters or oral speech DUALISM is a philosophical interpretative paradigm based on the idea of the presence of two principles that are irreducible to each other: spiritual and material substances. INDIVIDUAL - a single entity, the ontological basis of which is unity, indecomposability into elements (for example, "this is a tree", "this is a person") COSMISM - a specific worldview and attitude, as well as a feature of reflective consciousness in the a priori assumption of the organic unity of everything with everything, and most importantly - with the Universe, the predominance of the universal over the individual LOKAYATA - ancient Indian system of materialism MATTER - a philosophical category, which in the materialistic tradition denotes a substance that has the status of the beginning (objective reality) in relation to consciousness (subjective reality) MIMESIS is a stylistic device, the reproduction of a model or the imitation of some manners and style of behavior. Term coined by Aristotle MIRACLE - a medieval religious and edifying performance in Europe, dedicated to the "miracle" characteristic of any saint or Madonna NON-EXISTENCE - non-existence, absence of being NIRVANA - complete disappearance, liberation from the bonds of samsara, the highest state of the spirit, in which all earthly attachments are overcome, there are no desires or passions PATTERN - a sample, an example, a special form, a model, a manner of behavior. In social philosophy - typical examples of a culture, its artifacts CONCEPT - a thought that singles out from a certain subject area and collects (generalizes) objects into a class by pointing to their common and distinctive feature NATURE is one of the central concepts of European philosophical thought and culture, which has a wide range of meanings PSYCHE - everything that relates to the consciousness of a person, determines his individuality, covers the totality of the facts of consciousness and is defined as the balance of various mental functions (feelings, actions and knowledge) RELIGION - individually, a system of reference points for the metapsychic (psyche), an attempt to return to archaic tribal principles SAMSARA - in Hinduism and Buddhism - the idea of the fluidity and impermanence of all living things, a single chain of transitions from one bodily shell to another, the cycle of births and deaths, transmigration, metempsychosis FREEDOM - one of the fundamental ideas for European culture, reflecting such an attitude of the subject to his acts, in which he is their determining cause and they, therefore, are not directly conditioned by natural, social, interpersonal-communicative, individually-internal or individually-generic factors SYSTEM - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity CONSCIENCE - the ability of a person, critically evaluating himself, to realize and experience his inconsistency with his due - failure to fulfill his duty TECHNOLOGY is a historically developing set of means created by people (tools, devices, mechanisms, etc.) that allow people to use natural materials, phenomena and processes to meet their needs, often technology also includes the knowledge and skills with which people create and use these tools in their activities FIDEISM - a worldview that affirms the primacy of believe over reason MAN is the being best known to himself in his empirical facticity and most difficult to grasp in his essence. Empathy - understanding the emotional state of another person with empathy APPEARANCE - discovering an entity through properties and relationships (8) AKOSMISM - a doctrine that preaches the views of the insignificance of the world ARTIFACT - made artificially. Process, object, thing created by people, something that occurs only under the influence of people VITALISM is the concept of the vital force present in all organisms. All manifestations of life depend on the vitality of this or that organism. HARMONY - a cultural setting that focuses on understanding the universe (both in general and its fragments) and man from the position of assuming their deep internal order HEDONISM - a type of ethical teachings, as well as a system of moral views, according to which all moral definitions (the content of the concepts of good and evil, etc.) are derived from pleasure (positive) and suffering (negative) HYPOTHESIS - a scientific assumption or assumption, the truth value of which is uncertain HUMANISM - 1) the movement of educated people that took shape during the Renaissance, mainly in Italy, united by "interest in antiquity", studying and commenting on the monuments of ancient classical (primarily Latin) literature, 2) a special type of philosophical worldview, in the center of which is a person with his earthly deeds and accomplishments, with his inherent abilities and inclinations, with his characteristic norms of behavior and relationships MOVEMENT - a way of existence of matter, in the most general form - a change in general, any interaction of objects DEDUCTATION - a method of cognition that involves movement from the general, given with obviousness to the particular unknown, or the process of logical inference DYNAMISM - the doctrine of matter as a form of manifestation of acting forces IDEALISM is a term coined in the XNUMXth century. for the integral designation of philosophical concepts focused in the interpretation of the world order and world knowledge on the semantic and axiological dominance of the spiritual INDUCTION - a cognitive procedure by means of which a statement generalizing them is derived from a comparison of available facts INTUITION - in a broad (ordinary) sense, the ability of direct, unmediated comprehension of the truth. In philosophy, the interpretation of intuition is distinguished by its semantic and meaningful diversity: from unaccountable insight to a special and even higher form of knowledge. HISTORICISM - the principle of approaching the subject of research as changing in time, developing CONTEXT - close connection, connection. A complete piece of text or speech that provides understanding and definition of the meaning of its constituent words and phrases CULTURE - a system of historically developing suprabiological programs of human life (activity, behavior and communication) that ensure the reproduction and change of social life in all its main manifestations PERSONALITY - an everyday fiction, a conditional model of the integrated potentials of a pseudo-objective person MARXISM is a philosophical, economic and political doctrine founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels WISDOM - a correct understanding of life goals. Something that science alone does not provide THINKING - an active process of reflecting the objective world in concepts, judgments, scientific theories, hypotheses, etc., which has an indirect, generalized character, associated with the solution of non-trivial problems, the highest product of specially organized matter - the human brain NATIVISM - a doctrine that affirms the ability to certain ideas NOOSPHERE - a planetary spiritual environment and a sphere of free thought, a "thinking layer", "a harmonized community of consciousnesses, equivalent to a kind of superconsciousness SOCIETY - a set of all ways of interaction and forms of unification of people, which expresses their comprehensive dependence on each other SENSATION - an elementary content that underlies the sensory knowledge of the external world, a "brick" for building perception and other forms of sensibility PANTHEISM is a philosophical and religious doctrine that identifies God and the world. The idea that the divine and the natural merge PRACTICE - material, sensual-objective activity of people, aimed at transforming natural and social reality PROGRESS - a special type of systematic socio-cultural changes leading from traditional to liberal civilization and constituting the value content of the latter, directly acts in the form of increasing the efficiency of the reproductive activity of a socio-cultural subject DEVELOPMENT - directed, irreversible changes associated with the emergence of new properties, relationships, etc. REDUCTION - a methodological technique for reducing the phenomena under study to their original principles, such a simplification of the structure of an object allows us to understand its origin and unity with other objects REFERENT - informing. In linguistics, this is the subject to which a word or sign refers. RIGORISM - an unconditional command of any moral principle. For example, according to I. Kant, duty is the main principle of morality. Rigorist ethics - the ethics of obligation SIMULACR - the theory of postmodern philosophy to designate a non-conceptual means of fixing experience SYNTHESIA - to combine, combine, compare CONSCIOUSNESS - the state of the individual's mental life, expressed in the subjective experience of the events of the external world and the life of the individual himself, in the report on these events SUBSTRATE - a general and relatively elementary basis for the content of phenomena, the building material of one or another structural level of being or being as a whole JUDGMENT - a thought that affirms the presence or absence of any states of affairs ESSENCE - a set of essential properties and qualities of a thing, the substantial core of an independent entity Theodicy - the doctrine of the justification of God, in connection with the existence in the world of not only good, but also evil THEOLOGY - theology, the doctrine of God, the systematization of the dogma of a particular religion. Theology is often identified with religious philosophy and, in this regard, is the object of philosophical criticism. THEOSOPHY - the highest knowledge about God and the mystery of divine creation, achieved by direct contemplation VALUE is one of the main conceptual universals of philosophy, meaning in the most general form the non-verbalizable, "atomic" components of the deepest layer of the entire intentional structure of the personality - in the unity of the objects of its aspirations (the aspect of the future), the special experience-possession (the aspect of the present) and the storage of one's own " possessions" in the recesses of the heart (an aspect of the past), which constitute her inner world as a "unique subjective being" EMPIRISM - a direction in the theory of knowledge, recognizing sensory experience as sources of knowledge and stating that all knowledge is based on experience (9) ACTUALISM - the doctrine of the impossibility of unchanging being ANTINOMY - contradictions between a number of provisions, each of which has legal force. From Kant's point of view, the subject's choice of one or another point of view depends on the subject's initial assumptions, and not on the degree of truth of the provisions. BIOLOGISM - a doctrine that reduces the essence of social relations and social factors to biological phenomena and processes HYLOZOISM - a direction that considers all matter from the very beginning as living IDEAL - non-existent, imposed by cash, fiction IDEOLOGY - a system of views reflecting social reality from the standpoint of the interests of certain classes and social groups and containing a program of action to preserve or change social reality INTELLIGENCE is one of the qualities of a person, to the greatest extent reflecting the ability to navigate in the world around him. In the first approximation, intelligence can be defined as the "trinity" of mind, memory and education CATEGORIES - forms of thinking that reflect the universal properties and relations of being and serve as a means of knowing the not yet known CATEGORY - the basic concepts that reveal the simplest forms of reality, their main characteristics. In philosophy, categories of being and categories of cognition are distinguished, the relationship between them is studied in the theory of cognition (epistemology) CONVENTION - an agreement that regulates any relationship, conditions, agreements between cognizing subjects on the basis of expediency CRITICISM - a method of establishing the possibility, the origin of the boundaries of human knowledge NAITIVISM - the doctrine of the mystical-religious nature of knowledge NEOTHOMISM - the official philosophical doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, based on the modernized teachings of Thomas Aquinas ONTOLOGY - a branch of philosophy that studies the problem of the existence of the world, including the existence of man PANLOGISM - the doctrine that everything in the world is the realization of reason, that the Universe itself has a logical nature PARADIGMA - a set of theoretical and methodological provisions adopted by the scientific community at a certain stage in the development of science and used as a model, model, standard for scientific research, interpretation, evaluation and systematization of scientific data, for comprehending hypotheses and solving problems that arise in the process of scientific knowledge Platonism - the teachings of Plato and his followers PLURALISM - the doctrine of the existence of many different equal, independent and irreducible to each other forms of knowledge and methodologies of cognition or forms of being REFLECTION - self-deepening into oneself, revealing the essential characteristics inherent in the phenomenon under study SEMIOTICS is a general theory of sign systems, which include both natural languages and special languages of specific sciences, artificial languages, signal systems, etc. SINOLOGY - the science of Chinese language and literature, part of Sinology SOLIPSISM - an extreme form of subjective idealism, recognizing only a conscious subject SOPHISTICS - the teaching of representatives of the prevailing in Athens in the second half of the XNUMXth century. BC. schools of sophists - philosophers-enlighteners who gravitated towards relativism, the first professional teachers in general education SCIENTISM - absolutization of the role of science in the life of society, especially characteristic of modern industrial civilization Creativity - created by God - nature, thing, man - created, created, arising, because the act of divine creation is continuous TREND - desire, inclination towards something - a preconceived idea carried out in any theory or scientific work, the direction in which any phenomena of reality are developing IDENTITY - a relationship between objects (real or abstract), which allows us to speak of them as indistinguishable from each other, in some set of characteristics (for example, properties) UPANISHADS - religious and philosophical commentaries on the Vedas. Compiled starting from the XNUMXth-XNUMXrd centuries. BC e., ending with the XIV-XV centuries. n. e. They are divided into early and late. The main purpose is to substantiate Brahmanism and a number of ideas that formed the basis of Buddhism PHYLOGENESIS - the general evolution of various genera and species of organisms. Phylogeny must be considered in unity with ontogenesis - the features of the individual development of a living organism PHILOSOPHY - the field of study and consideration of explicit and implicit reality ECLECTICS - a combination of heterogeneous, internally unrelated and possibly incompatible views, ideas, concepts, styles, etc. Eclecticism is characterized by ignoring the logical connections and substantiation of provisions, the non-contradiction of the law, the use of ambiguous and inaccurate concepts and statements, errors in definitions and classifications, etc. (10) ABSTRACTION - the main operation of thinking, involving a distraction from the immediate, sensually perceived in the object and the allocation of the essential and necessary in it. On the basis of abstraction, the formation of philosophical concepts and categories takes place. AXIOLOGY - a philosophical doctrine about the nature of values, about the forms and methods of a person's value projection of his life aspirations into the future, the choice of guidelines for current life and the justification or condemnation of the past, "other" and universally significant IMMORTALITY - belief in the infinity of a human being, especially the human soul PERCEPTION - sensory knowledge (subjectively presented as direct) of objects (physical things, living beings, people) and objective situations (relationships of objects, movements, events) DIALECTICS - the doctrine of the universal laws of development of nature, thinking and society IDEOGRAPHY is the descriptiveness of history, which always deals with a single, non-repeating phenomenon, therefore it describes, individualizes it, not seeking to find logic and regularity in the phenomena of history. The term was introduced as a counterbalance to the nomothetic method, a formal logical method that describes repetitive natural phenomena and is accepted by all natural sciences. IMMORALISM - the denial of the obligatory principles and prescriptions of morality. Extreme immoralism stands on the point of view of immorality, i.e., the denial of the requirements of morality and accepted norms of behavior in any society QUANTITY and quality - a subjective characteristic showing the ratio of the measurement of one thing considered by the subject to another LIBERALISM - a bourgeois movement and ideology that arose during the period of the struggle against feudalism METAPHYSICS - the doctrine of supersensible, inaccessible to experience, principles of being OBSERVATION - deliberate and purposeful perception, due to the task of the activity. Historically, observation develops as an integral part of the labor operation, which includes establishing the conformity of the product of labor with its planned ideal image. NATURALISM - a doctrine that considers nature as a universal principle for explaining everything that exists Neorealism is the dominant doctrine in English philosophy of the XNUMXth century. NOMINALISM - the opposite of realism, where things are purely mental NOMOTHETICS - legislative art or a way of legislative activity of the mind in establishing the laws and rules of cognition, mainly in natural science. The procedures of scientific thinking from the point of view of the nomothetic method are subject to formal logical laws ALIENATION is one of the most discussed problems in the philosophy of the XNUMXth century. The concept of alienation reveals the position of a person in the modern world, when his fate does not depend on his own efforts, existence itself is meaningless, based on loneliness and the loss of one's own "true Self". The problem of the origins, essence and removal of alienation is studied by many philosophical schools, but has not received a convincing theoretical solution. PANENTHEISM - the doctrine that the universe rests in God PANPSICHISM - the doctrine of universal animation PATRIOTISM - love for one's country POSITIVISM - the doctrine according to which all true knowledge is the result of scientific research, discoveries PRAGMATISM - a philosophical doctrine that considers action, expedient activity as the central, determining properties of human essence RELATIVISM - the doctrine of the relativity of any knowledge, and therefore the impossibility of obtaining constant, absolute objective knowledge SENSUALISM - a theoretical and epistemological direction that derives all knowledge from sensory perceptions SKEPTICISM - a doubt about the reliability of the truth, a philosophical direction created in the 360th century BC. Pyrrho of Elis (c.270-XNUMX BC). Sobornost - the concept of Russian philosophy, meaning the free spiritual unity of people both in church life and in the secular community, fellowship in brotherhood and love SUBLIMATION - in the philosophy of Z. Freud, it means switching libidinal drives that do not receive satisfaction to higher, predominantly spiritual activities - politics, art, science SUBSTANCE - a thing in itself, which is characterized by non-geometric extension, independence, self-consciousness, connection, structurelessness SCHOLASTICS - school direction in the development of science, philosophy, theology TELEOLOGY - the doctrine of purpose or expediency TECHNOLOGY - a set (system) of rules, techniques, methods for obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, intermediate products, products used in industry PHYSICALISM - a philosophical concept that believes that everything should be comprehended using the methods of physics, otherwise knowledge is meaningless SHIZOANALYSIS is a branch of modern postmodern philosophy that studies marginal groups and their behavior, as well as their language as an essential part of their non-linguistic field, which is called "desire machines". The world of desire from the point of view of schizoanalysis is the world. where everything is possible EVDOMONISM - a direction in ethics that recognizes the criteria of morality and the foundations of human behavior, the pursuit of happiness ENERGETISM - a worldview that reduces everything that exists and happens to energy (11) Agnosticism - the doctrine of the unknowability of true being APOLOGETICS - defense of defenders, biased defense, praising something APRIORITY - knowledge that precedes experience and is independent of it. A priori, according to Kant, are those concepts that cannot be proven or refuted by experience. In the XX century, they believe that a priori provisions are the initial postulates of science, they are conditional and relative VERIFICATION - a methodological concept that denotes the process of establishing the truth of scientific statements as a result of their empirical verification VIRTUAL - able to create, capable of being, existing VITALITY - vitality, degree of vitality Voluntarism is one of the directions of metaphysics UNITY - a philosophical doctrine that reveals the internal organic unity of being as the universe in the form of interpenetration and separation of its constituent elements, their identity to each other and the whole while maintaining their quality and specificity GEOCENTRISM - a worldview according to which the Earth is the center of the world GNOSEOLOGY - the doctrine of knowledge STATE - a political entity created by a national or multinational community in a certain territory, where, with the help of a political elite that monopolizes power, the legal order is maintained, including the legitimate right to use violence DEONTOLOGY - a section of ethics that considers the problems of duty and moral requirements, in contrast to axiology - the doctrine of values. Deontology explores the problems of proper behavior of people in accordance with the requirements of socio-historical practice, cultural tradition DETERMINISM - the teaching of classical philosophy about the regular universal interconnection and interdependence of the phenomena of objective reality, the result of generalization of specific historical and specific scientific concepts Dignity - a characteristic of a person in terms of his intrinsic value, compliance with his own destiny DELUSION - a concept that fixes the moment of limited knowledge, its inconsistency with its object or incompatibility with accepted knowledge INVENTION - a technical or intellectual construction that has a fundamental novelty ILLUSIONISM - a direction that declares everything true, beautiful and moral to be an illusion MATERIALISM - a view that sees the basis of all reality (even spiritual) in matter MESSIANISH - in Judaism and Christianity, the belief in the coming of the Messiah. In a figurative and broader sense - faith in the justice of any ideology and the need for its every kind of distribution throughout the world in the name of the common good METHODOLOGY - a type of rational-reflexive consciousness aimed at studying, improving and constructing methods in various areas of spiritual and practical activity MONOPSYCHISM - the doctrine that individual souls are born and die not by themselves, but only under influence from outside NEOVITALISM - an idealistic doctrine that explains the processes occurring in living organisms by the presence of some unknowable "life" forces NEOFREUDISM - the updated teachings of Freud OBJECTIVISM - a direction in epistemology PANVITALISM is a natural-philosophical doctrine, according to which life reigns everywhere in nature PANMORALISM - the subordination of everything to morality PERSONALISM - a doctrine that recognizes personality as the primary creative reality POST-HUMAN - a hypothetical image of a future person who abandoned the usual human appearance as a result of the introduction of advanced technologies: computer science, biotechnology, medicine. Actively used in science fiction (cyberpunk and nanopunk) PSYCHOLOGISM - the view that psychology is the basis of philosophy RATIONALISM - the most acceptable direction in the philosophy and heuristics of science in the current state of affairs and other things being equal Reality - everything that exists in reality. How does a philosophical category designate everything that exists RATIONALISM - a doctrine that recognizes reason as the decisive or only source of knowledge SINGULARISM - a direction that derives all the features of the world from a single principle SYNERGETICS is a scientific direction that studies the processes of self-organization in natural, social and cognitive systems Theocentrism is a theological concept according to which God, understood as an absolute, perfect being and the highest good, is the source of all being and good. UTILITARISM is the most important moral ideal, characterized by an increase in the value of everyday goods, primarily material ones, by the desire to seek new means for existing goals. CIVILIZATION - a society considered in the aspect of its integral existence with its inherent forms of life support EXISTENCE - existence as a fact of being. The central concept in existentialism, which considers that existence precedes the essence of man and defines this essence in different ways EXISTENCE - a philosophical category used to refer to a particular being EXPERIMENT - a kind of experience that has a cognitive, purposefully research, methodological nature, which is carried out in specially given, reproducible conditions by their controlled change ELITARITY - the best, favorites. The properties of people that make them an intellectual, military, economic, political or creative elite - those privileged strata of society that actually carry out the functions of management and creative development of all spheres of culture ESCHATOLOGY - the idea of the end of the world and the retributions associated with it. It was developed mainly in religious concepts. In the XNUMXth century, it is used in futurological concepts associated with the catastrophic. vision of the world ESCHATOLOGY - a religious doctrine about the final destinies of the world and man (12) ADEQUACY - conformity, proportionality, fidelity, accuracy ANTHROPOGENESIS - the process of the origin of man and his formation as societies, creatures ANTHROPODICY - the principle that substantiates and justifies the responsibility of a person for his existence in the world ANTHROPOLOGY - the science of the origin and evolution of man, human races, based on the study of the human body, natural differences between people AUTHENTICITY - authenticity, authenticity, conformity to oneself HERMENEUTICS - the interpretation of texts or the art of translation, explanation. In the XX century. hermeneutics is the doctrine of understanding, the scientific comprehension of the sciences of culture, philosophical hermeneutics determines the superiority of understanding and interpretation over explanation GLOBALIZATION - the integration of economic activity by private capital units on a global scale, the establishment of a market economy in most states and regions, the development of economic communities (EEC, the Eurasian Economic Community, etc.) DETERMINATION - causation of the phenomena of reality, the presence of patterns in the phenomena of nature and society ACTIVITY - a specifically human form of active attitude to the surrounding world with the aim of changing it INDUCTIONISM is a method and principle of cognition based on the movement from the particular, separate, individual to the universal and natural. Unlike deduction, it comes from experience and observation, draws general conclusions on a certain class of objects under study. INTUITIONISM - the doctrine of intuition as the most important and most reliable source of knowledge COMMUNICATION - communication with someone. The central concept in the philosophy of existentialism: thanks to communication, the subject really becomes himself, revealing himself in another. Communication as communication can be a contact, an agreement, a discussion, a meeting CONVERGENCE - the convergence of various objects of study to one system. In social philosophy - the search for the same in different communities and states, which makes it possible to bring their history of development closer CONDITIONISM - a doctrine that calls into question the objective existence of causality and replaces it with the idea of a random combination of a set of conditions CREATIVITY - the ability to be creative, to create something new. Creativity as a property of a person, as a rule, is combined with high intelligence, creative induction and correct self-esteem of a person. CUMULATIVISM - the fundamental principle of classical epistemology, according to which the progress of science consists in adding new unchanging truths to the array of previously acquired knowledge LEGITIMACY - recognition or confirmation of the legitimacy of any rights and powers MATERIAL is not a definition in the proper logical sense, i.e. not a definition of a concept, but a thing definition that refers to the actual content of what is meant in the definition MENTALITY - a way of thinking, the general spiritual mood of an ethnic group, social group, individual. Mentality is determined by the national and socio-cultural characteristics in which peoples live NEOPLATONISM - the last form of Greek philosophy OBJECTIVATION - transformation into an object, objectification. Objectify - turn something into an object PRAXIOLOGY - a field of sociological research that studies the methodology for considering various actions or a set of actions in terms of establishing their effectiveness SPACE is a degenerate extension of one type or another. Multiplied representations of space and the creation of an abstraction of space are most facilitated by visual perception. CONTRADICTION - two statements, one of which is a negation of the other REDUCTIONISM - a methodological setting focused on solving the problem of the unity of scientific knowledge based on the development of a unified language common to all scientific disciplines REINCARNATION - the incarnation of the soul, rebirth RELACITIVISM - recognition of the relativity of knowledge SPIRITUALISM - a direction that considers the spirit as the fundamental principle of reality TECHNOCRATISM - the principle of explaining social development, widespread in Western social thought, according to which power in society should belong to technocrats - the bearers of technical progress, the highest strata of technical specialists TOTALITARISM - a socio-political system based on the authoritarian intervention of power structures in all spheres of society and the individual. This system is characterized by the elimination of democratic freedoms, a one-party system, repressions against dissidents UNIVERSALISM - the belief that at the end of time all souls will be freed from punishment for sins and saved PHENOMENALISM - a doctrine that recognizes phenomena as a direct object of knowledge (13) BIOTECHNOLOGIES - the use of biological processes and biological systems for the production of useful products, medicines, biological weapons, etc. DISINFORMATION - communication of deliberately erroneous, distorted, false information in order to mislead the person being informed DECONSTRUCTION - a process that is the reverse of a construction, disassembling the semantic constructions of a text in order to reveal its true meaning Westernism is a current of Russian social and political thought, which finally took shape in the 40s. XNUMXth century in controversy with Slavophilism immanence - abiding within, inherent. Immanence means that which always remains within the boundaries of possible experience. INTERPRETATION - interpretation, clarification of the meaning and meaning of something. Interpretation involves assigning certain values to the object or process under study. IRRATIONALISM - a doctrine that defines instinct, intuition, feelings as the decisive sources of knowledge Cartesianism is the philosophy of adherents and successors of Descartes. Consistent rationalism, dualism of body and soul, deduction and mathematical methods in cognition are the features of this philosophical school. CLASSIFICATION - a general scientific and general methodological concept, meaning such a form of systematization of knowledge, when the entire area of the studied objects is presented as a system of classes, or groups, into which these objects are distributed based on their similarity in certain properties CONVENTIONALISM - a philosophical concept according to which scientific concepts and theoretical constructions are basically the products of an agreement between scientists COUNTERCULTURE - a concept used in social philosophy, cultural studies and sociology of culture, (a) to denote ideological and worldview attitudes that are radically opposed to the principles and foundations that dominated Western culture until the last third of the 20th century Confucianism - the teachings of the thinker of Ancient China Confucius (Kung Tzu) and his followers, which turned at the turn of our era. into religion COSMO-CENTRISM is a system of philosophical views that appeared in Ancient Greece, according to which the world is perceived as a cosmos, diverse, harmonious and at the same time terrifying. All phenomena of the surrounding world were considered through the prism of space CULTUROLOGY is a science that is formed at the intersection of social and humanitarian knowledge about man and society and studies culture as an integrity, as a specific function and modality of human existence. WORLD VIEW - a set of views, assessments, principles and figurative representations that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world, a person's place in it, as well as his life positions, behavior programs, actions MODELING - representation of a process or situation using a model. Used for research and/or management NEOPOSITIVISM - a modern form of positivism NEOSCHOLASTICS - further development of scholasticism after the Reformation OBJECTIVITY - a concept that denotes a historically transient form of social relations, when relations between people take on the appearance of a relationship between things, which leads to the alienation of a person from his essence and the depersonalization of a person PERSPECTIVISM - a doctrine that makes reality dependent on the qualities of the individual investigating it PERFECTIONISM - the doctrine of the ability of a person and all of humanity to improve REPRESENTATION - a visual sensual image of objects and situations of reality, given to consciousness, and, unlike perception, accompanied by a feeling of absence of what is represented REPRESENTATION - representation sufficient to judge the properties of the general population of all the processes under study SOCIOCENTRISM - a person's point of view, according to which his social group represents ideal standards of behavior, opinions, etc., based on which other groups are evaluated TOLERANCE - tolerance for all sorts of views, norms of behavior, habits that are different from those shared by the subject. Openness to any ideological currents, lack of fear of competition of ideas CONCLUSION - the procedure for the direct derivation of some statement from one or more statements FALSIFICATION - a procedure that establishes the falsity of a theory or hypothesis as a result of empirical verification PHENOMENOLOGY - a trend of Western philosophy of the XNUMXth century. Phenomenological motives are effective within the framework of non-phenomenologically oriented philosophy, as well as in a number of sciences: literary criticism, social sciences ESOTERIC teaching - directed inward, secret teaching, intended only for the elite, specialists and understood only by this circle. The opposite teaching - exoteric - is accessible and pleasing to everyone, uninitiated and non-specialists ECUMENIC - a movement for the unification of all Christian churches to strengthen the influence of religion and the fight against atheism. Originated in the XNUMXth century. In a figurative sense - the creation on the basis of consensus of a theory that is equally suitable for different areas of rank EPISTEMOLOGY - the theory of knowledge. Epistemological synonym - epistemological, epistemological (14) ANTHROPOMORPHISM - endowing objects (animals, natural phenomena, God, etc.) with human properties, that is, making them like a person HETEROGENITY - heterogeneity. A characteristic of something consisting of heterogeneous elements, in contrast to homogeneity, which implies the homogeneity of a process or phenomenon INTENTIALISM - the doctrine that each action can be regarded only from the point of view of the acting INTRAVERT - a person's orientation to his inner world, his fear of the world, grossly interfering in the thoughts and feelings of a person and subjecting to external influences (term: introduced by C.-G. Jung) NANOTECHNOLOGIES - the technology of objects, the size of which is about 10^-9 nm (atoms, molecules). Nanotechnology processes obey the laws of quantum mechanics, include the atomic assembly of molecules, new methods for recording and reading information, local stimulation of chemical reactions at the molecular level, etc. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY - a speculative interpretation of nature in its entirety NEOKANTIANITY MORALITY - a term used in a living language and in specialized literature most often as a synonym for morality, less often for ethics OBJECTIVATION and deobjectification are processes in which human abilities in the course of activity are embodied in a certain object or thing. Along with the creation of something new, a person changes himself. The reverse process is called deobjectification, when the properties of an object in the process of cognition become the property of a person. ORIENTALISTICS - a set of sciences related to the study of the culture and languages of the Eastern peoples PASSIONARITY - the term of L. Gumilyov, means a special state of an ethnos that has received a large charge of energy from the outside, which makes the ethnos passionate DESIGN - one of the main (along with engineering activities) ways to create equipment and other products and structures STOCHASTIC - a random or probabilistic process, the nature of the change of which cannot be accurately predicted or described SUBSTANTIANISM - the doctrine of the mandatory conditions for the existence of any natural phenomena, based on the recognition as its starting point and the first theoretical means of the concept of substance with a fundamentally new content, in which the substance is understood as something without which the phenomenon does not exist (15) ABSTRAGING is the mental selection of an object in abstraction from its connections with other objects, any property of an object in abstraction from its other properties, any relation of objects in abstraction from the objects themselves AMBIVALENCE - duality of experience, dual feelings, emotions caused in a person by any phenomena: love and hatred, sympathy - antipathy, joy - grief, etc. Anthropocentrism - the doctrine according to which man is the highest goal of the universe UNCONSCIOUS - unconscious, non-reflexive, spontaneous. In philosophy, the recognition of the unconscious deliberately excluded the idea of the identity of the psyche and consciousness. DESCRIPTIVITY - the image with the help of the language of the content of experience, respectively - a descriptive (descriptive) method in science COMMULTIVITY - the ability of speech to communicate to another about the experiences of the speaker, in contrast to rhetoric, where the aesthetic function of speech comes to the fore, i.e. the ability to give pleasure with its beautiful form CONVENTIONALISM - the doctrine according to which scientific theories are based on agreements between scientists DESIGN - the activity of creating a material image of the object being developed, it is typical to work with full-scale models and their graphic images (drawings, sketches, computer models) NEO-HEGELIAN SUPERNATURALISM - a trend that allows for the existence of supernatural and even superintelligent reality EXISTENTIALISM (philosophy of existence) - a direction in the philosophy of the XX century, focusing on the uniqueness of human being EXTRAVERT - the person's outward orientation. This is the behavior and way of thinking of a person when he is constantly open to external influences, in contrast to introverts who are turned to their inner world, closed in relation to external influences. Terms proposed by K.-G. Jung, psychologist (16) ANTICUMULATIVISM - the opposite of cumulative HYPOSTASING - attributing to abstract concepts of independent existence INDIVIDUALITY - the unique originality of any phenomenon, individual being, person EMPIRIOCRITICISM - a form of positivism of the late XIX - early XX century (17) ANTHROPOSOCYOGENESIS - the historical process of the transformation of a person as an anthropos, a biological being, into a member of society, the bearer of its basic, primarily production, moral and aesthetic relations TRANSCENDENTALISM is the initial concept of the philosophy of I. Kant, meaning a system of rational concepts and principles that are associated with objects given to us sensually, and therefore can be confirmed by experience. Transdental can be: a theory of knowledge, a problem within it, knowledge associated with the premises of possible experience TRANSCENDING - inaccessible to knowledge, what is beyond experience, lies on the other side of experimental, empirical knowledge (18) MULTICULTURALISM - recognition and promotion of cultural pluralism Word search to solve the crossword puzzle: Replace each unknown letter with *. For example, dog * ka, * oshka, we ** a. Pairs е - ё, and - й are equated.
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