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Engineering, industry, architecture / Architecture, urban planning / Foreign architects

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KAN Louis (1901-1974 USA). Science laboratories in Philadelphia (1957-1961), campus in Ahmedabad (1963-1966)

MUR Charles (1925, USA), theorist of postmodernism. Italy Square in New Orleans (1979)

NASH John (1752-1835 Great Britain), Buckingham Palace, London

PEI Yong Ming (1917 USA), Grand Louvre (1981-1989) with glass pyramids and China Bank in Hong Kong (1991-1993)

REN Christopher (1632-1723, Great Britain), architect, mathematician, astronomer, classicist, St. Paul's Cathedral, London (1675-1710), Trinity College Library, Cambridge (1676-1684), Chelsea Hospital (1682-1694) ), Greenwich Hospital (1696-1716), Marlborough House in London (1709-1710)

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ADAM Robert (1728-1792 Great Britain), representative of classicism. Kenwood House in London (1767-1769), University of Edinburgh (1789-1791)

ANDO Tadao (1941, Japan). Houses in National Style and Traditional Materials (Koshiko House in Osaka, 1981)

GOFF Bruce Alonso (1904-1982, USA)

GARY Frank (1929, USA)

DANS George Jr. (1741-1825, Great Britain), representative of neoclassicism, Newgate prison in London

CANO Alonso (1601-1667 Spain), sculptor, painter, architect. representative of the baroque. Facade of the Cathedral in Granada (1667)

CRIE Leon (1946, Luxembourg), representative of postmodernism. Connection of new buildings with historical buildings

LEVO Louis (1612-1670 France), representative of classicism. Vaux-le-Vicomte (1656-1661), palace at Versailles (1661-1668)

LEDOU Claude Nicolas (1736-1806, France), representative of classicism. Outposts in Paris (1784-1789)

LOOS Adolf (1870-1933, Austria), representative of functionalism. "Kartner Bar" in Vienna (1907), "The Steiner House" (1910)

ORTA (var. - Horta) Victor (1861-1947, Belgium), a representative of the Art Nouveau style. Mansions of Tassel (1892-1893) and Solvay (1895-1900) in Brussels

WRIGHT Frank Lloyd (1869-1959, USA), founder of the school of organic architecture. The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo (1916-1922), the Waterfall House in Pennsylvania (1936), the Guggenheim Museum in New York (1956-1959)

Soane John (1753-1837 Great Britain), representative of neoclassicism and the "Regency style"

TAUT Max (1884-1967 Germany), representative of functionalism

FATI Hassan (1900-1989 Egypt)

HUNT Richard Morris (1827-1895, USA), Statue of Liberty (1881-1886), Vanderbilt mausoleum at the Moravian cemetery in Chicago (1884-1889, together with F. Olmsted), building of the Military Academy at West Point (1889-1895)

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AALTO Alvar Hugo Henrik (1898-1976 Finland), representative of functionalism and the school of organic architecture. City Library in Vyborg (1927-1935), Finlandia Palace in Helsinki (1967-1971)

AHMAD Ustad (1580?-1649), Mongolian architect, engineer, astronomer, geometer, mathematician, Taj Mahal mausoleum (1628-1643)

BROWN Lancelot (1716-1783, Great Britain)

BULLET Étienne-Louis (1729-1799, France), architect, educator, architectural theorist

VELDE Henri van de (1863-1957, Belgium), one of the founders of Art Nouveau and rationalism styles. Folkwang Museum in Hagen (1901-1902), Werkbund Theater in Cologne (1914)

GAUDI Antonio, full surname Gaudi y Cornet (1852-1926, Spain), representative of organic Art Nouveau architecture. Bishop's Palace in Astorga (1887-1893), Sagrada Familia in Barcelona (1884-1926)

DAVUD aga (d. 1598/99 Turkey)

JILL Irving John (1870-1936, USA)

JONES Inigo (1573-1652, Great Britain), representative of Palladianism, White Hall in London (1619-1622), the Queen's Villa in Greenwich (1616-1635)

IKTIN (second half of the 447th century BC, Ancient Greece). Parthenon in Athens (438-430 BC), Temple of Apollo in Bassae (c. 435 BC), Hall of Mysteries in Eleusis (430-XNUMX BC)

COSTA Lucio (1902 Brazil), architect, historian, architectural theorist, master plan of the city of Brazil

LESCO Pierre (c. 1510-1578, France), representative of the Renaissance

Part of the courtyard of the Louvre (1546-1574), "Fountain of the Innocents" in Paris (1547-1549)

LURSA Andre (1894-1970, France), urban planner. Palais des Sports in Saint-Denis (1962)

MAILLARD Robert (1872-1940, Switzerland), bridge designer, worked in Russia

MEYER Richard (1934), American architect, leading exponent of the New York avant-garde. Museum of Decorative Arts in Frankfurt (1985)

NERVI Pier Luigi (1891-1979, Italy), architect, engineer. Inventor of armocement

Palace of Labor in Turin (1961)

HOSMANN Georges-Eugène (1809-1891, France), plan for the reconstruction of Paris

PEICHL Gustav (1928 Austria), one of the leaders of the Viennese school

PELLY Cesar (1926 USA), one of the leaders of "slick-tech" ("smooth architecture")

Auguste PERRE (1874-1954, France), representative of rationalism, one of the first to use reinforced concrete structures, a garage on the Rue Pontier in Paris

PERROT Claude (1613-1688 France), representative of classicism, theorist of architecture. Brother of the storyteller Ch. Perrault. East facade of the Louvre in Paris (1667-1674)

PIANO Renzo (1937 Italy), high-tech representative, Pompidou Center in Paris

PONTI Joe, real name Giovanni (1891-1979, Italy), architect, designer. Skyscraper "Pirelli" in Milan (1956-1960)

PORTA Giacomo della (c. 1540-1602), representative of the Baroque. Facade of the Church of Il Gesu in Rome (1575)

ROSSI Aldo (1931, Italy), representative of the neo-rationalist style. Residential complex Gallartese in Milan (1970), Teatro del Mondo in Venice (1979)

SILOE Diego de (c. 1495-1563, Spain), architect, sculptor. Representative of the Renaissance. Cathedral in Granada (1528-1563)

SINAN Koca Mimar (1489 or 1490-1578 or 1588, Turkey), architect, engineer. Suleymaniye mosques in Istanbul (1550-1557), Selimiye in Edirne (1569-1575)

SIREN Johan (1889-1961 Finland), neoclassical representative, national parliament in Helsinki

SOUFLOT Germain (1713-1780, France), representative of classicism. Church of Sainte-Genevieve (now the Panthéon) in Paris (1755-1789)

TANGE (Tange) Kenzo (1913, Japan). Kadawa Prefecture in Takamatsu (1955-1958), Olympic Stadium (1961-1969) and City Hall (1991) in Tokyo

UTZON Jorn (1918, Denmark), architect, theater in Sydney (1947-1967)

SCHARUN Hans Bernhard (1893-1972, Germany), representative of expressionism

SPEER Albert (1905-1981, Germany), personal architect of A. Hitler, Minister of Armaments and Military Industry of Nazi Germany (1943-1945)

YUVARA Filippo (1678-1736, Italy), Rococo representative, Stupinigi Castle near Turin (1729-1733)

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BERENS Peter (1868-1940, Germany), architect, designer, artist, graphic artist. representative of functionalism. One of the founders of modern European architecture. Factories in Berlin (1909-1912), tobacco factory in Linz (1932-1936)

BOFILL Ricardo (1939 Spain). Representative of neorealism and brutalism. Residential complexes in France: "Les Arcades de Luc" in Paris (1974-1981), "Abraxas Palace" in Marne-la-Vallee (1979-1983), "Antigone" in Montpellier (1979-1984), "Arcades of the Lake" and "Viaduct" in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (1977-1983), "Baroque stairs" in Paris (1980-1985)

BOFRAN Gabriel Germain (1667-1754 France), representative of the Rococo, theorist. Cathedral of Nancy (1742), hotels d'Amelot (1712) and Soubise (1735-1740). "Book of Architecture" (1745)

BREUER Marcel (1902-1981, USA), architect, designer, representative of functionalism, UNESCO building in Paris

WAGNER Otto (1841-1918 Austria), a representative of the Art Nouveau style, a forerunner of functionalism. Post office and savings bank (1904-1906), Steinhof hospital (1904-1907) in Vienna

Vasari Giorgio (1511-1574, Italy), artist, architect, art historian. representative of mannerism. Uffizi Palace in Florence (1560). "Biographies of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects"

GARNIER Charles (1825-1898, France), representative of eclecticism. "Grand Opera" in Paris (1861-1875)

GRAVES Michael (1934 USA), representative of postmodernism, public services buildings in Portland (1979-1982), Dolphin and Swan hotels in Disneyland (1988)

DELORM Philibert (between 1500 and 1515-1570, France), representative of the Renaissance. Chateau of Diane de Poitiers at Anet (begun 1547)

GIULIO Romano, real name and surname Giuliano Pippi (1492 or 1499-1546, Italy), architect, painter. Palazzo del Te in Mantua (1525-1534)

Gottfried SEMPER (1803-1879, Germany), architect, art theorist, opera house and art gallery in Dresden

CAMBIO Arnolfo di (c. 1245-1310, Italy), sculptor, architect, project for the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and the Palazzo Signoria in Florence, the Cathedral in Orvieto (1290)

KLENZE Leo von (1784-1864, Germany), representative of late classicism. Glyptothek, Alte Pinakothek (1826-1836), Propylaea (1846-1860), Leuchtenberg Palace (1816) in Munich, Valhalla in Ravensburg (1830-1842), building of the New Hermitage in St. Petersburg (1839-1851)

Francois Cuvier (1695-1768, France), Rococo representative, Amalienburg Pavilion in Nymphenburg Park

LATROB Benjamin (1764-1820, USA), Washington Capitol (1803-1811)

LENOTRE Andre (1613-1700, France), representative of classicism, creator of a regular type of park ("French" park), landscape gardening ensembles in Vaux-le-Vicomte (1653), Versailles, Fontainebleau, Chantilly, Saint-Cloud, Tuileries

MAIANO, brothers (Italy), representatives of the Early Renaissance: Giuliano da (1432-1490), Palazzo Spannocchi in Siena (from 1473), Benedetto da (1442-1497), Palazzo Strozzi in Florence (from 1489)

MANSARD François (1598-1666, France), representative of classicism. Chateau Maisons-Laffitte near Paris (1642-1651)

MACHUCA Pedro (1485-1550, Spain), painter, architect, palace of Charles V in the Alhambra, near Granada (begun in 1526)

NEUMANN Johann Balthazar (1687-1753, Germany), representative of the late baroque and rococo Würzburg Castle

PARLER (Parlerzh), a family of architects (Germany, Czech Republic). Peter (1330-1399). Charles Bridge (1357-1378), St. Vitus (1374-1385) in Prague

PERSIER Charles (1764-1838, France), representative of the Empire style. Arc de Triomphe in Place Carruzel in Paris (1806)

Ribera Pietro (d. 1742 Spain), representative of the Baroque. Hospital of San Fernando (1722, now City Museum), Toledo Bridge (1723-1724) in Madrid

Serlio Sebastiano (1475-1554, Italy), architect, architectural theorist. "Treatise on Architecture" (published in 1537-1575)

SOLARI Guiniforte (1429-1481, Italy), architect, engineer, sculptor

STUART James, also known as James of Athens (1713-1788 England), representative of "archaeological neoclassicism", creator of the "Greek taste" in English and European architecture of the XNUMXth century

TESSIN, a family of architects (Sweden), baroque representatives: Nicodemus the Younger (1654-1728). Royal Palace in Stockholm (1697-1760)

TOLEDO Juan Bautista de (c. 1500-1567 Spain), architect, sculptor, mathematician, Escorial monastery (begun 1562)

UNGERS Oswald Matthias (1926, Germany), representative of neo-rationalism, congress hall in Frankfurt (1980-1983), complex of exhibition and trade buildings for Frankfurt (1983)

URTADO Izquierdo Francisco (1669-1725, Spain), representative of the Baroque

Fontaine Pierre (1762-1853 France), representative of the Empire style

FOSTER Norman (1935, Great Britain), representative of the high-tech style. Fred Olsen Center in London (1967), the Shanghai Bank skyscraper in Hong Kong (1981-1986), Stansted Airport near London (1991), the Commerzbank skyscraper in Frankfurt am Main (1991-1992). HOFFMANN Josef (1870-1956, Austria), leader of the Secession, Stocklet Palace in Brussels (1905)

Schlüter Andreas (c. 1660-1714, Germany, from 1713 in Russia), representative of the Baroque. City Palace in Berlin (1698-1706)

EIFFEL Alexandre Gustave (1832-1923, France), architect, engineer. Eiffel Tower (1887-1889)

HERRERA Juan Bautista de (circa 1530-1597, Spain), creator of the "erreresco" style, Escorial Monastery, Segovia Bridge in Madrid (1584)

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ASPLUND Erik Gunnar (1885-1940, Sweden), representative of functionalism. Bacteriological Institute (1933-1937), Forest Crematorium (1935-1940) in Stockholm

BERLAGE Hendrik Petrus (1856-1934, Netherlands), the founder of modern Dutch architecture. Amsterdam Stock Exchange (1897-1903), Municipal Museum in The Hague (1916-1935)

BERNINI Gianlorenzo, full name Giovanni Lorenzo (1598-1680 Italy), architect, painter, sculptor. representative of the baroque. Fountains of Triton (1640), Four Rivers (1647-1652), St. Peter's Square (1656-1665) in Rome

BULFINCH Charles (1763-1844, USA)

VENTURI Robert Charles (1925, USA), architect, architectural theorist, representative of postmodernism, Sainsbury's addition to the building of the National Gallery in London (1991)

VIGNOLA Giacomo yes, real name Barozzi (1507-1573, Italy), architect, architectural theorist. Villa of Pope Julius III (1550-1555), Church of Il Gesu (1568-1584) in Rome, Farnese Palace in Caprarola near Viterbo (1558-1573)

GVARINI Gvarino (1624-1683, Italy), representative of the Baroque. Palazzo Carignano (begun 1679), church of San Lorenzo (1668-1687) in Turin

GRIMSHOW Nicholas (1939 Great Britain), representative of the "hi-tech" style, printing house of the "Financial Times" publishing house in London (1988)

GROPIUS Walter (1883-1969, Germany, USA), architect, designer, architectural theorist. One of the founders of functionalism. Factory "Fagus" in Alfeld (1911-1916)

JOHNSON Philip (1906 USA), John F. Kennedy Memorial in Dallas (1966), City Library in Boston (1967-1972), Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove (1976-1980)

DUSBURG Theo van, real name Christian Emil Marie Küpper (1883-1931, Netherlands), artist, architect, urbanist, neoplastic theorist, one of the founders and leader of the Style group

JANNERE - see Le Corbusier

IMHOTEP (2635-2595 BC, Ancient Egypt), builder of the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser in Saqqara, deified as a patron of healing

CANDELA Felix (1910 Mexico), architect, engineer. Creator of reinforced concrete vaults in the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid

CORTONA Pietro yes, real name Berrettini (1596-1669 Italy), architect, painter. representative of the baroque. Villa Sacchetti (1625-1630), churches of Santi Luca and Martin (1634-1650), Santa Maria in via Lata (1658-1662), Santa Maria della Pace (1656) in Rome

LABROST Pierre François Henri (1801-1875, France), St. Genevieve Library in Paris

LAURAN Luciano, real name Lucian of Vrana (1420/1425-1479, Italy). Ducal Palace in Urbino (completed in 1563)

MADERNA Carlo (1556-1629, Italy), representative of the Baroque. Church of Santa Susanna (1596-1603), central nave and façade of St. Peter's (1607-1614) in Rome

Michetti Nicola (1675-1758, Italy)

MNESICLES (second half of the 437th century BC, Ancient Greece), a representative of the high classics. Propylaea in Athens (432-XNUMX BC)

NIEMEYER Suaris Filho Oscar (1907, Brazil), one of the founders of the modern school of Brazilian architecture. Building in Brazil (since 1957)

OLBRICH Joseph Maria (1867-1908, Austria), representative of the Art Nouveau style. The building of the "Viennese Secession" (1897-1898), the House of Artists (1899-1901), the "Wedding Tower" (1907-1908) in Darmstadt

PAXTON Joseph (1801-1865, Great Britain) Crystal Palace in London

PELZIG Hans (1869-1936, Germany), representative of functionalism, later romanticism and expressionism Friedrichstadt theater in Berlin (1919)

PERUZZI Baldassare (1481-1536, Italy), architect, painter, decorator. Palazzo Massimo in Rome (1532-1536)

ROGERS Richard (1933 Great Britain), representative of the high-tech style, Center for Culture and Arts. J. Pompidou in Paris (1971-1976)

SEIDLER Harry (1923 Australia), representative of functionalism

SMITHSON Peter (1923, UK) and Alison (1928-1993, UK), leaders of brutalism

FONTANA Domenico (1543-1607, Italy), representative of the early Baroque. Plan for the reconstruction of Rome (1585), obelisk in St. Peter's Square in Rome (1586)

HOLLEIN Hans (1934 Austria), architect, designer, exponent of postmodernism, Municipal Museum Mönchengladbach (1982), Museum of Modern Art Frankfurt am Main (1982-1993)

SCHINKEL Karl Friedrich (1781-1841, Germany), classicist, New Guardhouse (1816-1818), Drama Theater (1821) and Altes Museum (1830) in Berlin

JACOBSEN Arne (1902-1971, Denmark), architect, designer. representative of functionalism. Buildings of the airline "SAS" (1959-1961), National Bank of Denmark (1971) in Copenhagen

YAMASAKI Minoru (1912-1986, USA), representative of neoclassicism. "Twin Towers" of the World Trade Center in New York (1971-1973)

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ALBERTI Leon Battista (1404-1472, Italy), scientist, architect, art theorist. Treatise "On Architecture" (1485). Church of Sant'Andrea in Mantua (1472-1494), Palazzo Rucellai in Florence (1446-1451)

BRAMANTE Donato Pascuccio d'Antonio (1444-1514, Italy), representative of the High Renaissance. Church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan (1479-1483), Tempietto chapel (1502), Vatican courtyards (from 1503) in Rome

BLONDEL François (1618-1686, France), representative of classicism. Porte Saint-Denis in Paris (1672)

VITRUVIUS (second half of the XNUMXst century BC), architect, engineer, architectural theorist. Treatise "Ten Books on Architecture"

GABRIEL Jacques Ange (1698-1782, France), one of the founders of classicism. Petit Trianon at Versailles (1762-1764), Military School (1751-1775), Place de la Concorde Ensemble (1753-1775) in Paris

ISOZAKI Arata (1931 Japan), representative of the avant-garde. Designed a modern version of the interior of a traditional Japanese house

CORBUSIER - see Le Corbusier

KUROKAWA Kisho Noriaki (1934, Japan), Nakagi apartment building in Tokyo (1971)

LEBRETON Gilles (1500-1553, France), Fontainebleau castle

LEMERCIER Jacques (c. 1585-1654, France), baroque and classicist, Sorbonne church in Paris (1635-1654)

LOMBARDO Pietro (c. 1435-1515, Italy), architect, sculptor. Representative of the Early Renaissance. Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Venice (1481-1489)

LUBETKIN Berthold (1901-1990, Great Britain), architect, designer, philosopher, representative of functionalism, High Point 1 apartment building in London (1935)

Mackintosh Charles Rennie (1868-1928, Scotland), architect, designer. One of the founders of the Art Nouveau style

PALLADIO Andrea, real name di Pietro (1508-1580, Italy), representative of the Late Renaissance. The treatise "Four Books on Architecture" (1570), which laid the foundations of Palladianism (a branch of classicism). "Basilica" (1547-1549), Palazzo Chiericari (1550), Villa "Rotonda" (1551-1567), Teatro Olimpico (1580-1585) in Vicenza, Church of Il Redentore in Venice (1576-1592)

PIRANESI Giovanni Battista (1720-1778, Italy), painter, engraver, architectural theorist. Albums of etchings "Fantastic compositions of prisons" (1745, 1760), "Roman antiquities" (1756), "Temples of Paestum" (1777)

POLYCLETUS the Younger (350th century BC, Ancient Greece). Colonnaded rotunda and theater at Epidaurus (330-XNUMX BC)

RIETVELD Gerrit (1888-1964, the Netherlands). Schröder mansion in Utrecht (1919-1921)

SAARINEN Eliel (1873-1950, Finland, USA), representative of romanticism. Station in Helsinki (1910-1914)

SULLIVEN Louis (1856-1924, USA), one of the founders of functionalism and organic architecture. Skyscraper Guaranty Building in Buffalo (1894-1895), department store in Chicago (1899-1900)

SANGALLO (Italy), a family of architects, representatives of the Renaissance. Giuliano da Sangallo (1445-1516), Church of Santa Maria delle Carceri in Prato (1484-1495). Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1483-1546), Palazzo Sacchetti in Rome (1543)

SCAMOZZI Vincenzo (1552-1616, Italy) New Procurations in Venice (1584)

STIRLING James (1926-1992, UK), expansion of the city art gallery in Stuttgart

TERRANGI Giuseppe (1904-1943, Italy), one of the founders of Italian rationalism. People's House in Como (1932)

FILARETE Antonio, real name Averlino (1400-1469 Italy), architect, sculptor, architectural theorist. Representative of the Early Renaissance. "Treatise on architecture" (1460-1464)

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AMENHOTEP the Younger (XV century BC, Ancient Egypt), builder of the temples of the god Amon-Ra in Luxor and Karnak (the central colonnade of the main hall), temples in Soleb and Sedeing

APOLLODORUS from Damascus (first half of the 104nd century Ancient Rome), architect, engineer. Forum of Trajan, odeon, circus, Baths of Trajan in Rome, bridge over the Danube (105-XNUMX)

BORROMINI Francesco, real name Castelli (1599-1667, Italy), representative of the Baroque. Churches of San Carlo alle Cuatro Fontane (1634-1667), Sant Ivo alla Sapienza (1642-1660) in Rome

DOKSIADIS Konstantinos (1913-1975, Greece), Islamabad development project

CALATRAVA Santiago (1951, Spain), architect, engineer, bridges in London, Seville and Mérida

CALLIKRATH (420th century BC Ancient Greece). Parthenon and Temple of Nike Apteros in Athens (c. XNUMX BC)

RICHARDSON Henry Hobson (1838-1886, USA)

SANMICHELI Michele (1484-1559, Italy), representative of the Renaissance. Palazzo Bevilacqua in Verona (1532)

SANSOVINO Jacopo, real name Tatti (1486-1570, Italy), architect, sculptor. Representative of the High Renaissance. Library of San Marco (1536-1554), Palazzo Corner (from 1532) in Venice

CHURRIGUERA (XVII-XVIII centuries Spain), a family of architects and sculptors. The creators of the cherrugueresco style, the Spanish version of the baroque. José Benito (1665-1725), Joaquin (1674-1724), Alberto (d. 1750)

EISENMANN Peter (1932, USA)

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ABERCROMBIE Leslie Patrick (1879-1957, Great Britain), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. Author of the "Greater London" project (1944)

VILLANUEVA Carlos Raul (1900-1975, Venezuela). University campus in Caracas (1944-1957)

LE CORBUSIER Charles Edouard, real name Jeanneret (1887-1965, France), architect, architectural theorist, painter, designer. Representative of rationalism and functionalism. The Tsentrosoyuz House on Myasnitskaya Street in Moscow (1928-1935, now the Central Statistical Office), a residential building in Marseille (1947-1952), the Notre-Dame-du-Haut Chapel in Ronchamp (1950-1953)

Erich MENDELSONG (1887-1953, Germany). Einstein Tower in Potsdam (1920-1921)

PEPPELMANN Matthaus Daniel (1662-1736, Germany), representative of the late Baroque. Ensemble Zwinger in Dresden (1711-1722)

PIACENTINI Marcello (1881-1960, Italy), representative of neoclassicism, Campus in Rome (1932-1936)

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ALEJADINHO, real name and surname Antonio Francisco Lisboa (1730 or 1738-1814, Brazil), architect, sculptor. representative of the late baroque. Facade of the Church of Bon Jesus de Matosinhos in Congonhas (1757-1777)

Brunelleschi Filippo (1377-1446, Italy), architect, sculptor, scientist. One of the creators of Renaissance architecture and the theory of linear perspective. Dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (1420-1436), Ospedale degli Innocenti (1421-1444), Pazzi Chapel (1429) in Florence

ERDMANSDORF Friedrich Wilhelm (1736-1800 Germany), founder of German classicism, founder of the Berlin School of Architecture

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Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564 Italy), sculptor, architect, painter, poet. Representative of the High and Late Renaissance. The Laurentian Library in Florence (1523-1534), the Capitol Ensemble and St. Peter's Cathedral (both from 1546) in Rome

HILDEBRANDT Johann Lucas von (1668-1745 Austria), representative of the Baroque. Palaces Lower (1714-1716) and Upper (1721-1722) Belvedere and Daun-Kinsky (1713-1716) in Vienna

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Air pressure receivers, which are placed on the cockpit fuselage and used to measure airspeed, are vulnerable to insects. If they clog the pitot tubes that make up the sensors, the pilots will not be able to assess the speed of takeoff or landing, which is fraught with disaster. The February 757 crash of a Boeing 1996 in the Dominican Republic that killed 189 people is believed to have been caused by a Sphecidae wasp that built a clay nest in one of the pitot tubes.

A team of researchers led by Alan House from Eco Logical Australia decided to find out how dangerous single wasps Pachodynerus nasidens are for aviation, which build nests of earth and clay (they house eggs and food for future larvae) and often occupy various cavities for this, both natural and artificial - such as window slits, rosettes or keyholes. The homeland of this species is Central and South America, but thanks to humans, it entered the United States and the Pacific Islands, and since 2012 has settled in the vicinity of the Australian Brisbane airport.

Over 39 months, experts noted 93 cases of complete blockage of pitot tubes by wasp nests, the first of which occurred just two weeks after the start of the experiment. All found nests belonged exclusively to P. nasidens. Out of 37 of them, adults hatched. Interestingly, in one nest, the authors found five parasitoid wasps Chrysis lincea parasitizing P. nasidens larvae.

Ninety-six percent of P. nasidens nests were built between November and May, and their nesting activity increased at high average monthly temperatures. At the same time, the wasps most willingly used tubes with a diameter of more than 96 millimeters, located close to areas with natural grassy vegetation.

The data obtained demonstrate that P. nasidens are well established in the vicinity of Brisbane Airport and actively use aircraft air pressure pits to build nests. This increases the risk of aviation accidents. The authors call for careful monitoring of the distribution of the species along the east coast of Australia, as well as the development of measures to control the population or its complete eradication. And to protect planes from wasps, they recommend installing insect traps at airports and closing pitot tubes after landing.

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