Colored lights. Fun chemistry experience at home

ENTERTAINING EXPERIENCES AT HOME
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Colored lights. Chemical experiments

Entertaining experiments in chemistry

Entertaining experiences at home / Chemistry experiments for children

Making real fireworks is difficult and unsafe. But you can make safe colored lights and burn them during the holiday at the Pioneer bonfire or at the Christmas tree. In small quantities they can be burned not only outdoors, but also indoors.

To make fires, you will need terminite dry alcohol, barium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and some other substances. Each substance must be crushed separately in a porcelain mortar until a fine powder is obtained.

For a green fire, mix termite with barium nitrate (in equal amounts). Store powders, their mixtures in glass jars with ground stoppers, as they are afraid of dampness.

Burn mixtures on metal sheets or on bricks. Fill the mixture with a slide with a diameter of 80 - 100 mm, a height of about 20 mm and set it on fire with a match. A well-dried mixture gives a bright, clean and beautiful fire. Try making lights in a different color.

Remember that the flame is colored:

in yellow color - sodium chloride (table salt);
in lilac - potassium carbonate - potash;
in blue - copper nitrate.

Author: Shkurko D.I.

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Miniature infrared spectrometer 19.10.2019

Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) have created a tiny infrared spectrometer that is small enough to fit on a semiconductor chip and yet "provides a lot of interesting possibilities." According to the researchers, chips with such spectrometers can be used in a variety of areas, from the space industry to everyday items. One example of this is the integration into the design of mobile phones.

With the help of an infrared spectrometer in a smartphone and a special application, this device becomes able to determine the alcohol content in a liquid, conduct a simple chemical analysis of a substance, determine the degree of maturity of fruits and vegetables, and perform a number of other functions that will be useful to people of various professions.

The main achievement in all this is the extremely small size of the spectrometer. Conventional infrared spectrometers currently used for analysis are expensive and bulky devices weighing at least a few kilograms and extremely difficult to convert into portable devices.

A conventional spectrometer splits light into two streams, which are reflected from mirrors, added again in a certain way, and the result is measured by a sensitive photosensor. By changing the position of one of the mirrors, it is possible to change the optical image resulting from the addition of two beams of light, which makes it possible to determine the proportion of the content of light with different wavelengths in the incoming optical signal.

The miniature spectrometer uses exactly the same principle. Only instead of movable mirrors, it uses special waveguides, the light refractive index of which can be changed using an external electric field. Changing the refractive index in this case has the same effect, similar to the effect of changing the position of the mirror.

In addition, by changing the refractive indices of two waveguides at once, using a miniature spectrometer, you can work with different parts of the infrared range. Another undoubted advantage of this device is that it needs a one-time calibration, which can be carried out at the manufacturer immediately after the chip is manufactured or the chip is integrated into the final device. In contrast, conventional spectrometers require calibration before each run.

The design of the new miniature infrared spectrometer has no moving parts, making it extremely reliable. But, as the researchers themselves admit, before their offspring can be used in mobile devices, they will need to carry out a number of works aimed at improving technologies and bringing these technologies into line with the requirements of modern industrial production.

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