Charging and desulfating machine for car batteries. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Charging and desulfating machine for car batteries. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Automobile. Batteries, chargers

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It has long been known that the charge of electrochemical power sources with an asymmetric current, at a ratio of Icharge : Idischarge = 10:1, in particular acid batteries, leads to the elimination of sulfation of the plates in the battery, i.e. to restore their capacity, which in turn prolongs battery life.

It is not always possible to be near the charger and control the charging process all the time, so often the batteries are either systematically undercharged or recharged, which, of course, does not extend their service life.

It is known from chemistry that the potential difference between the negative and positive plates in a battery is 2,1 V, which at 6 banks gives 2,1 x 6 \u12,6d XNUMX V.

With a charging current equal to 0,1 of the battery capacity, at the end of the charge, the voltage rises to 2,4 V per cell, or 2,4 x 6 \u14,4d 0,1 V. An increase in charging current leads to an increase in battery voltage and increased heating and boiling of the electrolyte. A charge with a current below 14,4 of the capacity does not allow the voltage to be increased to XNUMX V, however, a long (up to three weeks) charge with a low current contributes to the dissolution of lead sulfate crystals. Especially dangerous are lead sulfate dendrites, "sprouted" in separators. They cause a rapid self-discharge of the battery (in the evening I charged the battery, and in the morning I could not start the engine). Washing the dendrites out of the separators is possible only by dissolving them in nitric acid, which is practically unrealistic.

Charging and desulfating machine for car batteries

Through long-term observations and experiments, an electrical circuit was created, which, according to the author, allows you to trust automation. Trial operation for 10 years has shown the effective operation of the device. The principle of operation is as follows:

1. The charge is made on the positive half-wave of the secondary voltage.

2. On the negative half-wave, a partial discharge of the battery occurs due to the flow of current through the load resistor.

3. Automatic switching on when the voltage drops due to self-discharge up to 12,5 V and automatic disconnection from the 220 V network when the battery voltage reaches 14.4 V.

Shutdown - non-contact, by means of a triac and a voltage control circuit on the battery.

An important advantage of the method is that while the battery is not connected (automatic mode), the unit cannot turn on, which eliminates a short circuit when the wires supplying the charging current to the battery are closed.

With a heavily discharged battery, the unit can be switched on using the "AUTOMATIC-PERMANENT" switch.

Another very important advantage is the absence of a strong "boiling", which, together with automatic shutdown and inclusion, allows you to leave the device turned on unattended for a long time. The author experimented with a two-week regime of constant inclusion in the "AUTOMATIC" mode.

For fire safety purposes, it is necessary that the charger be in a metal case, the cross section of the supply conductors to the battery is at least 2,5 mm2. Reliable contact at the battery terminals is also required.

Mains voltage 220 V is supplied through fuse FU1 and triac VD1 to the primary winding of the power transformer. From the secondary winding, the alternating voltage U2 \u21d 3 V is rectified by the VD8 diode and through the ballast resistor R1,5 with a resistance of 1 Ohm it goes to the "+" terminal of the battery, to which the 15 V voltmeter RA2, the SA1,8 toggle switch "ON DESULFATION" and the control circuit and control, which is a Schmitt trigger with a hysteresistor of about 5 V, determined by the voltage drop across the diodes VD6, VD2 and the base-emitter junction of the transistor VT1. Transistor VT12,6 turns on at a voltage of 4 V on the battery, and through the optocoupler VD1 turns on the triac VD1, which turns on the transformer TXNUMX and energizes the battery being charged.

Connecting resistor R2 with toggle switch SA5 ensures the asymmetry of the shape of the charging current. LEDs VD8 and VD7 indicate the inclusion of the unit in the "DESULFATE" and "ON" modes. respectively. Resistor R7 sets the moment when the unit is turned off at a voltage of 15 V on the voltmeter (= 0,5 V drops on the supply wires). The VD2 bridge ensures that the triac is turned on at both half-waves of the mains voltage and the normal operation of the transformer. Toggle switch SA1 is used to enable the "PERMANENTLY" mode.

Details. Power transformer - P=160 W, Uii=21 V, wire - PEV-2-2,0. R8 - wire (nichrome) with a diameter of 0,6 mm. R5 - PEVR for 10 ... 15 W. Diode VD3 - any of D242 ... D248 with any letter index on a radiator with an area of \u200b\u2bS \u208d 1 cm1. Other type resistors - MLT, SP; triac - KU2N, without radiator. S1 - any, for example MT1. S1 - TV12-1. HL15 - any XNUMX V lamp. PAXNUMX - XNUMX V measuring head.

Author: A.Sorokin, Ukraine, Kramatorsk; Publication: N. Bolshakov, rf.atnn.ru

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