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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING For the school tree. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Ham Radio Technologies The most beautiful Christmas tree decorations are glass ones. You can make any of these toys yourself. The starting material is glass tubes of various diameters and wall thicknesses - the so-called glass dart. To process glass, it must be heated in a burner flame. The burner is made of brass. However, the burner can be of a different design, for example glass, the circuit of which is very similar to the brass circuit. You can even use the most primitive burner made from a kerosene lamp. Blowing when using such a lamp is carried out from bellows or a blower. Air is supplied to the base of the wick using a glass or metal tube.
PLEASE REMEMBER THAT KEROSENE LAMP BURNERS ARE A FIRE HAZARD. However, they turn out to be indispensable in those places where there is no gas and it is difficult to obtain aviation gasoline. In other cases, you should use a gas burner. The fuel for it is gas from the city gas line or gasoline gas obtained in a special carburetor device. Its diagram is given in our drawing.
The main part of this device is the iron tank. There is a hole in the center of the tank lid that is closed with a screw cap. This hole is used to fill the tank with gasoline. A copper tube with a diameter of 20 mm is soldered into the tank. The tube reaches the bottom of the tank and lies on the bottom in the form of a spiral. In this spiral, holes with a diameter of 20 mm are made in increments of 30-3 mm. A tube with a spiral is a bubbler for bubbling air through the thickness of gasoline. An outlet tube is also soldered into the tank lid. It serves to remove air saturated with gasoline vapors. Connecting tubes are made of rubber. A fine copper mesh must be inserted into the tube that connects the carburetor to the burner. This mesh prevents flame from entering the carburetor and protects the installation from fire hazard.
In order to soften the glass evenly, the tube is continuously rotated in the burner flame. As soon as the proper degree of softening is achieved - and this can be felt well in the hands - the glass tube is removed from the flame. Continuously rotating, it is stretched in different directions until the glass hardens. As a result of stretching the heated section, a smooth transition is created from the initial diameter of the tube to the reduced - stretched one. This part of the tube is called the "power". The length of the orb varies depending on the nature of the product being manufactured.
In order to blow a glass ball, a blank is made from a dart. The powers are pulled from both ends of the glass tube, and one of them is sealed. The workpiece is taken with both hands and carefully introduced into the burner flame. As soon as the glass reaches the desired degree of softening, the workpiece is removed from the flame. The unsoldered orb is brought to the mouth and, continuing to rotate the workpiece, the ball is blown out. Blowing should not be too strong, but remember that glass hardens quickly.
If you want to blow a large ball, the diameter of which is many times larger than the diameter of the original tube, then the process is carried out in two stages. The workpiece is made longer than in the first case. Near the transition of the initial tube into the orb, a small ball is inflated. Another balloon is inflated close to it, and finally, next to the second, a third. In this case, the total length of the workpiece decreases. Such a blank undergoes softening in a wide flame, capturing all three balls, and a large ball is finally blown out of it. The intermediate blank balls should not be located too far from each other. Otherwise, it will be difficult to ensure uniform thickness of the walls of a large ball. Incorrect rotation and softening of the workpiece also leads to defects. The ball may turn out to be of irregular shape - one-sided. If you need to make an elliptical shape, then when inflating the ball, carefully stretch it. The depressions on the ball are made like this: the finished ball is reintroduced into the flame of the burner, softened and, after removing from the heat, both powers are pulled back with one jerk. To make a fungus, take a longer piece and stretch it a little in the middle. One part of the workpiece is inflated into a ball, the second into a hemisphere. After this, heating the central part of the workpiece, carefully bend the hemisphere towards the ball. When the toy has received the desired shape, the sealed orb is pulled back and melted over a thin flame. The second orb is needed to secure the spring in it, with the help of which the toy is hung on the Christmas tree.
Having finished blowing the toys, they begin to silver them. This is the most serious part of the job. REMEMBER THAT IT CAN ONLY BE DONE IN THE CHEMISTRY OFFICE UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF A CHEMISTRY TEACHER. The following solutions are prepared for silvering: 1) 5% solution of silver nitrate; 2) 10% glucose solution; 3) 5% solution of caustic potassium or sodium; 4) concentrated ammonia solution (ammonia). A 5% solution of silver nitrate is poured into a glass and a 5% solution of caustic potassium (or sodium) is poured into it in small portions until the sediment completely falls out. After this, ammonia solution is added to the glass until the previously formed precipitate is completely dissolved (excess caustic potassium and ammonia should be avoided). The resulting colorless liquid is the main solution for silvering. Pour a 10% glucose solution into another glass. When the solutions are ready, the silvering process begins. The finished glass ball is heated in hot water at a temperature of 80-90°C, holding it by the orb. Heating creates a vacuum inside the ball, and therefore, if you dip the orb into a cold glucose solution, it is immediately sucked inside. Very little glucose is needed - it should only moisten the walls of the ball. The glucose solution is shaken inside the ball, and the ball itself is heated again in hot water and the main solution is sucked in (if the amount of glucose is taken as 1/3, then 2/3 of the main solution is needed). Shake the entire mixture vigorously in a ball and heat it in the same hot water. After a few seconds, a silver deposit forms on the walls of the ball - the ball shines. The remainder of the solution is poured out, and the ball is placed in a stand with the hole down to dry completely. To make silver-plated products multi-colored, they are painted on the outside with colored alcohol or acetone varnishes. Colored varnish can be obtained by dissolving one or another organic dye in ordinary colorless varnish. Do not pour paint directly into the varnish. First, dissolve the paint in alcohol or acetone (depending on the varnish) and then mix it with the varnish. Good colors are produced by the following dyes: Sudan - red, brilliant green (zelenka) - green, eozni - pink, aurin - blue, magenta - violet, fluorescent - golden yellow, methyl orange - orange. Author: N. Gaiduk
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