Converter substations and installations. Scope, definitions

Free technical library

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician

Section 4. Switchgears and substations

Converter substations and installations. Scope, definitions

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)

Comments on the article

4.3.1. This chapter of the Rules applies to stationary converting substations and installations with semiconductor converting units with a capacity of 100 kW or more per unit, intended to supply industrial consumers.

The rules do not apply to traction substations of electrified railways and to special converter installations, for example, for gas cleaning, laboratories, etc.

4.3.2. Converter substations and installations must meet the requirements of other chapters to the extent that they are not changed by this chapter.

4.3.3. A converter unit is a set of equipment consisting of one or more semiconductor converters, a transformer, as well as instruments and equipment necessary for starting and operating the unit.

A semiconductor converter is a set of semiconductor valves (uncontrolled or controlled), mounted on frames or in cabinets, with an air or water cooling system, as well as instruments and equipment necessary for starting and operating the converter.

4.3.4. The voltage class of the individual elements of the converter unit, in accordance with which the smallest permissible distances between parts under voltage, from these parts to the ground, fences, as well as the width of the passages, the need for door interlocks are determined by:

1) for transformers, autotransformers, reactors - according to the highest effective voltage value between each two outputs, as well as between each output and grounded parts of these devices;

2) for a semiconductor converter - according to the highest effective voltage value between each two terminals on the AC side.

The voltage class of a complete device, consisting of a converter, transformer, reactors, etc. and mounted in a common housing, is determined by the highest voltage values \u1b\u2bspecified in clauses XNUMX and XNUMX.

See other articles Section Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

New storage media - high density and low cost 24.10.2012

Researchers at the Institute of Substances Research and Development (Singapore) and the National University of Singapore have found that an ultra-smooth surface is a key factor for "self-assembly" - a low-cost way of high-density packaging. This discovery may be the beginning of a new generation of storage devices with a recording density of up to 10 terabits per square meter. inch.

The technology of "self-assembly" is one of the simplest and cheapest ways to create homogeneous dense nanostructures that can potentially be used for data storage. It is widely used in research and is beginning to spread in industry as a convenient tool for laying out large areas using a process technology of less than 100 nanometers. So far, however, attempts to apply "self-assembly" on various types of surfaces, such as magnetic media used to store information, have shown variable and unstable results. This phenomenon left researchers and scientists all over the world in confusion.

Now researchers at IIRV and NUS have solved the mystery by finding that the smoother the surface, the more efficient the nanostructures will "self-assemble". This achievement makes the method applicable to a wide range of surfaces, making it possible to reduce the number of defects in industrial applications to a value acceptable for mass production.

"The issue of successful self-assembly lies within a thickness of 10 atoms, or 10 angstroms in technical terms," explains Dr. Saifulla, one of the lead researchers who made the discovery. Scientists have found that this is the limit of surface roughness allowed for successful "self-assembly", which can eventually be used to create high-density storage media.

The discovery was recently published in Scientific Reports, a public journal published by Nature. The study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Singapore under the Magnetic Recording Frontier Research: Prospects for 10 terabits per square inch.

Other interesting news:

▪ GM Precept concept car

▪ The evolution of sleep

▪ Tape without glue

▪ Found evidence of the existence of exotic quark matter

▪ Wikipedia archive will be hidden on the surface of the moon

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Preamplifiers. Article selection

▪ article Holy craft. Popular expression

▪ article How did the Argonauts manage to get hold of the Golden Fleece? Detailed answer

▪ article Personnel of departments of radionuclide diagnostics. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Antenna Delta 80 meters + Inverted V 160 meters. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Increasing the output power of stabilized power supplies. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews