Section 4. Switchgears and substations

Switchgears and substations with voltages above 1 kV. Closed switchgears and substations

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)

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4.2.81. Closed switchgears and substations can be located both in separate buildings and be built-in or attached. An extension of the substation to an existing building using the wall of the building as the wall of the substation is allowed, provided that special measures are taken to prevent the violation of the waterproofing of the joint during the settlement of the attached substation. The specified draft must also be taken into account when attaching the equipment to an existing building wall.

Additional requirements for the construction of built-in and attached substations in residential and public buildings, see Ch. 7.1.

4.2.82. In the premises of ZRU 35-220 kV and in closed chambers of transformers, stationary devices or the possibility of using mobile or inventory lifting devices for mechanization of repair work and maintenance of equipment should be provided.

In rooms with switchgear, a platform for repair and adjustment of roll-out elements should be provided. The repair site shall be equipped with facilities for testing circuit breaker drives and control systems.

4.2.83. Closed switchgear of different voltage classes, as a rule, should be placed in separate rooms. This requirement does not apply to PTS 35 kV and below, as well as to GIS.

It is allowed to place a switchgear up to 1 kV in the same room with a switchgear above 1 kV, provided that parts of the switchgear or substation up to 1 kV and above will be operated by one organization.

Premises of switchgear, transformers, converters, etc. must be separated from service and other auxiliary premises (for exceptions, see chapters 4.3, 5.1 and 7.5).

4.2.84. When assembling the switchgear in the indoor switchgear, service platforms at different levels should be provided if they are not supplied by the manufacturer.

4.2.85. Transformer rooms and ZRU are not allowed to be placed:

1) under the premises of production with a wet technological process, under showers, baths, etc.;

2) directly above and below the premises, in which more than 50 people can be simultaneously located within the area occupied by the switchgear or transformer premises. in a period of more than 1 hour. This requirement does not apply to transformer rooms with dry transformers or non-combustible filling, as well as switchgear for industrial enterprises.

4.2.86. Clear distances between uninsulated current-carrying parts of different phases, from uninsulated current-carrying parts to grounded structures and fences, floors and ground, as well as between unshielded current-carrying parts of different circuits must be at least the values ​​given in Table. 4.2.7 (Fig. 4.2.14 - 4.2.17).

Flexible busbars in switchgear should be checked for their convergence under the action of short-circuit currents in accordance with the requirements of 4.2.56.

Table 4.2.7. The smallest clear distances from current-carrying parts to various elements of ZRU (substations) 3-330 kV, protected by arresters, and ZRU 110-330 kV, protected by surge arresters¹⁾, (in the denominator) (Fig. 4.2.14 - 4.2.17)

1. Surge arresters have a protective level of phase-to-ground switching surges of 1,8 Uph.

Rice. 4.2.14. The smallest clear distances between non-insulated current-carrying parts of different phases in the indoor switchgear and between them and grounded parts (according to Table 4.2.9)

Rice. 4.2.15. The smallest distances between non-insulated live parts in ZRU and solid fences (according to Table 4.2.9)

Rice. 4.2.16. The smallest distances from non-insulated current-carrying parts in ZRU to mesh fences and between non-insulated non-insulated current-carrying parts of different circuits (according to Table 4.2.9)

Rice. 4.2.17. The smallest distances from the floor to unshielded non-insulated current-carrying parts and to the lower edge of the porcelain of the insulator and the height of the passage in the indoor switchgear. The smallest distance from the ground to unenclosed linear outlets from indoor switchgear outside the outdoor switchgear and in the absence of vehicles passing under the outlets

4.2.87. The distances from the movable contacts of the disconnectors in the off position to the busbar of its phase connected to the second contact must be at least the size 'G' according to the table. 4.2.7 (see fig. 4.2.16).

4.2.88. Bare current-carrying parts must be protected from accidental contact (placed in chambers, fenced with nets, etc.).

When placing non-insulated current-carrying parts outside the chambers and placing them below the size D according to Table. 4.2.7 they must be protected from the floor. The height of the passage under the fence must be at least 1,9 m (Fig. 4.2.17).

Current-carrying parts located above the fences up to a height of 2,3 m from the floor should be located in the plane of the fence at the distances given in Table. 4.2.7 for size 'B' (see fig. 4.2.16).

Apparatuses in which the lower edge of porcelain (polymeric material) of insulators is located above the floor level at a height of 2,2 m or more may not be fenced if the above requirements are met.

The use of barriers in enclosed cells is not allowed.

4.2.89. Unprotected uninsulated leading parts of various circuits located at a height exceeding the size 'D' according to the table. 4.2.7 should be located at such a distance from one another that after disconnecting a circuit (for example, a busbar section), its safe maintenance is ensured in the presence of voltage in adjacent circuits. In particular, the distance between unshielded current-carrying parts located on both sides of the service corridor must correspond to the size 'G' according to Table. 4.2.7 (see fig. 4.2.16).

4.2.90. The width of the service corridor should ensure convenient maintenance of the installation and the movement of equipment, and it should be at least (counting in the clear between the fences): 1 m - with a one-sided location of the equipment; 1,2 m - with a two-sided arrangement of equipment.

In the service corridor where the switches or disconnectors are located, the above dimensions must be increased to 1,5 and 2 m, respectively. With a corridor length of up to 7 m, it is allowed to reduce the width of the corridor for two-way service to 1,8 m.

4.2.91. The width of the service corridor for switchgear with withdrawable elements and PTS should ensure the convenience of control, movement and turn of equipment and its repair.

When installing switchgear and PTS in separate rooms, the width of the service corridor should be determined based on the following requirements:

• with a single-row installation - the length of the largest of the switchgear bogies (with all protruding parts) plus at least 0,6 m;
• with a two-row installation - the length of the largest of the switchgear bogies (with all protruding parts) plus at least 0,8 m.

If there is a corridor on the back of the switchgear and PTS for their inspection, its width must be at least 0,8 m; individual local narrowings of no more than 0,2 m are allowed.

In case of open installation of switchgear and package transformer substation in industrial premises, the width of the free passage should be determined by the location of the production equipment, ensure the possibility of transporting the largest elements of the switchgear to the package transformer substation, and in any case it should be at least 1 m.

The height of the room must be at least the height of the switchgear, PTS, counting from busbar entries, jumpers or protruding parts of cabinets, plus 0,8 m to the ceiling or 0,3 m to the beams.

A lower height of the room is allowed, if at the same time the convenience and safety of replacing, repairing and adjusting switchgear, PTS equipment, busbar entries and jumpers are ensured.

4.2.92. The design loads on the floors of the premises along the path of transportation of electrical equipment should be taken into account the mass of the heaviest equipment (for example, a transformer), and the openings should correspond to their dimensions.

4.2.93. For air inlets to ZRU, KTP and closed substations that do not cross passages or places where traffic is possible, etc., the distance from the lowest point of the wire to the ground surface must be at least the size 'E' (Table 4.2.7 and Fig. 4.2.17).

At smaller distances from the wire to the ground, in the corresponding section under the input, either fencing of the territory with a fence 1,6 m high or a horizontal fence under the input should be provided. In this case, the distance from the ground to the wire in the plane of the fence must be at least the size 'E'.

For air inlets crossing passages or places where traffic is possible, etc., the distances from the lowest point of the wire to the ground should be taken in accordance with 2.5.212 and 2.5.213.

For air outlets from the indoor switchgear to the territory of the outdoor switchgear, the indicated distances should be taken according to Table. 4.2.5 for size 'G' (see fig. 4.2.6).

The distances between adjacent linear terminals of two circuits must be at least the values ​​given in Table. 4.2.3 for size 'D', if partitions are not provided between the terminals of adjacent circuits.

On the roof of the indoor switchgear building, in case of an unorganized drain over the air inlets, visors should be provided.

4.2.94. Exits from the switchgear should be performed based on the following requirements:

1) with a switchgear length of up to 7 m, one exit is allowed;

2) with a switchgear length of more than 7 to 60 m, two exits should be provided at its ends; it is allowed to locate exits from the switchgear at a distance of up to 7 m from its ends;

3) with a switchgear length of more than 60 m, in addition to exits at its ends, additional exits should be provided so that the distance from any point of the service corridor to the exit is no more than 30 m.

Exits can be made to the outside, to the stairwell or to another industrial premises of category 'G' or 'D', as well as to other compartments of the switchgear, separated from this one by a fire door of the II degree of fire resistance. In multi-storey switchgears, the second and additional exits can also be provided to a balcony with an external fire escape.

Gates of cells with a leaf width of more than 1,5 m must have a gate if they are used for the exit of personnel.

4.2.95. The floors of the switchgear rooms are recommended to be carried out over the entire area of ​​each floor at the same level. The design of the floors must exclude the possibility of the formation of cement dust. Thresholds in doors between individual rooms and in corridors are not allowed (for exceptions, see 4.2.100 and 4.2.103).

4.2.96. Doors from the switchgear should open towards other rooms or outward and have self-locking locks that can be opened without a key from the side of the switchgear.

Doors between compartments of one switchgear or between adjacent rooms of two switchgear should have a device that locks the doors in the closed position and does not prevent the doors from opening in both directions.

Doors between rooms (compartments) of switchgear of different voltages should open towards the switchgear with low voltage.

Locks in the doors of switchgear rooms of the same voltage must be opened with the same key; the keys to the entrance doors of the switchgear and other rooms should not fit the locks of the chambers, as well as the door locks in the enclosures of electrical equipment.

The requirement to use self-locking locks does not apply to switchgears of urban and rural distribution electrical networks with a voltage of 10 kV and below.

4.2.97. The enclosing structures and partitions of the KRU and KTP for the auxiliary needs of the power plant should be made of non-combustible materials.

It is allowed to install switchgear and package transformer substation for own needs in technological premises of substations and power plants in accordance with the requirements of 4.2.121.

4.2.98. In one switchgear room with a voltage of 0,4 kV and above, it is allowed to install up to two oil transformers with a capacity of up to 0,63 MVA each, separated from each other and from the rest of the switchgear room by a partition made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance limit of 45 min, with a height of at least transformer height, including higher voltage bushings.

4.2.99. Devices related to starting devices for electric motors, synchronous compensators, etc. (switches, starting reactors, transformers, etc.) may be installed in a common chamber without partitions between them.

4.2.100. Voltage transformers, regardless of the mass of oil in them, can be installed in enclosed switchgear chambers. At the same time, a threshold or ramp should be provided in the chamber, designed to hold the full volume of oil contained in the voltage transformer.

4.2.101. Cells of switches should be separated from the service corridor by solid or mesh fences, and from each other by solid partitions made of non-combustible materials. These switches must be separated from the drive by the same partitions or shields.

Under each oil circuit breaker with an oil mass of 60 kg or more in one pole, an oil receiver device is required for the full volume of oil in one pole.

4.2.102. In closed stand-alone, attached and built-in production facilities of the substation, in the chambers of transformers and other oil-filled apparatuses with an oil mass in one tank of up to 600 kg, when the chambers are located on the ground floor with doors facing the outside, oil collectors are not performed.

If the mass of oil or non-combustible environmentally friendly dielectric in one tank is more than 600 kg, an oil receiver must be installed, designed for the full volume of oil or for holding 20% ​​of the oil with a drain to the oil collector.

4.2.103. When constructing chambers above the basement, on the second floor and above (see also 4.2.118), as well as when arranging an exit from the chambers to the corridor under transformers and other oil-filled apparatuses, oil receivers must be made according to one of the following methods:

1) when the mass of oil in one tank (pole) is up to 60 kg, a threshold or ramp is made to hold the full volume of oil;

2) with a mass of oil from 60 to 600 kg, an oil receiver is installed under the transformer (apparatus), designed for the full volume of oil, or at the exit from the chamber - a threshold or ramp to hold the full volume of oil;

3) with an oil mass of more than 600 kg:

• oil receiver containing at least 20% of the total oil volume of the transformer or apparatus, with oil drained to the oil sump. Oil drain pipes from oil receivers under transformers must have a diameter of at least 10 cm. On the side of oil receivers, oil drain pipes must be protected with nets. The bottom of the oil receiver should have a slope of 2% towards the pit;
• oil receiver without oil drain to the oil sump. In this case, the oil receiver must be covered with a grate with a 25 cm thick layer of clean washed granite (or other non-porous rock) gravel or crushed stone with a fraction of 30 to 70 mm and must be designed for the full volume of oil; The oil level must be 5 cm below the grate. The upper level of gravel in the TV receiver under the transformer should be 7,5 cm below the opening of the air supply ventilation duct. The area of ​​the oil receiver must be larger than the area of ​​the base of the transformer or apparatus.

4.2.104. Ventilation of the rooms of transformers and reactors should ensure the removal of heat generated by them in such quantities that when they are loaded, taking into account the overload capacity and the maximum design ambient temperature, the heating of transformers and reactors does not exceed the maximum allowable value for them.

Ventilation of the rooms of transformers and reactors should be carried out in such a way that the temperature difference between the air leaving the room and entering it does not exceed: A.

If it is impossible to provide heat exchange by natural ventilation, it is necessary to provide for forced ventilation, and at the same time, control of its operation using signaling devices should be provided.

4.2.105. Supply and exhaust ventilation with an intake at the floor level and at the level of the upper part of the room should be carried out in the room where the switchgear and SFXNUMX cylinders are located.

4.2.106. The switchgear rooms containing equipment filled with oil, SFXNUMX or compound must be equipped with exhaust ventilation switched on from the outside and not connected to other ventilation devices.

In places with low winter temperatures, the supply and exhaust ventilation openings must be equipped with insulated valves that can be opened from the outside.

4.2.107. In rooms where duty personnel stay for 6 hours or more, the air temperature must be not lower than +18 ºС and not higher than +28 ºС.

In the repair area of ​​the indoor switchgear, a temperature of at least +5 ºС must be provided for the duration of the repair work.

When heating rooms with SF250 equipment, heaters with a heating surface temperature exceeding XNUMX ºС (for example, heaters of the TEN type) should not be used.

4.2.108. Holes in building envelopes and premises after laying electrical conductors and other communications should be sealed with a material that provides fire resistance not lower than the fire resistance of the building envelope itself, but not less than 45 minutes.

4.2.109. Other openings in the outer walls to prevent the entry of animals and birds must be protected with nets or gratings with cells measuring 10x10 mm.

4.2.110. Overlapping of cable channels and double floors must be made with removable plates of fireproof materials flush with the clean floor of the room. The mass of a separate floor slab should be no more than 50 kg.

4.2.111. Laying transit cables and wires in the chambers of devices and transformers, as a rule, is not allowed. In exceptional cases, they may be laid in pipes.

Electrical wiring for lighting and control and measurement circuits located inside the chambers or located near non-insulated live parts may only be allowed to the extent necessary for making connections (for example, to instrument transformers).

4.2.112. The laying of heating pipelines related to them (not transit) in the premises of the switchgear is allowed provided that solid welded pipes without valves, etc. are used, and ventilation welded ducts - without valves and other similar devices. Transit laying of heating pipelines is also allowed, provided that each pipeline is enclosed in a continuous waterproof shell.

4.2.113. When choosing a switchgear circuit containing SFXNUMX apparatus, simpler circuits should be used than in an air-insulated switchgear.

See other articles Section Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

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