Installation of meters and electrical wiring to them

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Section 1 General Rules

Accounting for electricity. Installation of meters and electrical wiring to them

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)

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1.5.27. Meters should be placed in dry rooms that are easily accessible for maintenance, in a place that is sufficiently free and not cramped for work with a temperature in winter not lower than 0^oC.

Meters of general industrial design are not allowed to be installed in rooms where, due to production conditions, the temperature can often exceed + 40 ° C, as well as in rooms with aggressive environments.

It is allowed to place meters in unheated rooms and corridors of switchgears of power plants and substations, as well as in outdoor cabinets. At the same time, their stationary winter insulation should be provided for by means of insulating cabinets, hoods with heating of the air inside them with an electric lamp or a heating element to ensure a positive temperature inside the hood, but not higher than + 20 ° С.

1.5.28. Meters designed to account for electricity generated by generators of power plants should be installed in rooms with an average ambient temperature of +15 - +25oC. In the absence of such rooms, it is recommended that the meters be placed in special cabinets, where the specified temperature should be maintained throughout the year.

1.5.29. Meters should be installed in cabinets, chambers of complete switchgears (KRU, KRUN), on panels, boards, in niches, on walls with a rigid structure.

Mounting of meters on wooden, plastic or metal shields is allowed.

The height from the floor to the meter terminal box should be within 0,8-1,7 m. A height of less than 0,8 m but not less than 0,4 m is allowed.

1.5.30. In places where there is a risk of mechanical damage to the meters or their contamination, or in places accessible to unauthorized persons (passages, stairwells, etc.), a lockable cabinet with a window at the level of the dial should be provided for the meters. Similar cabinets should also be installed for joint placement of meters and current transformers when metering on the low voltage side (at the input of consumers).

1.5.31. The design and dimensions of cabinets, niches, shields, etc., should provide convenient access to the terminals of meters and current transformers. In addition, it should be possible to conveniently replace the meter and install it with a slope of no more than 1o. The design of its fastening should provide the possibility of installing and removing the meter from the front side.

1.5.32. Wiring to the meters must meet the requirements given in Sec. 2.1 and 3.4.

1.5.33. In the wiring to settlement meters, the presence of rations is not allowed.

1.5.34. The cross sections of wires and cables connected to the meters should be taken in accordance with 3.4.4 (see also 1.5.19).

1.5.35. When installing electrical wiring for connecting meters of direct connection near the meters, it is necessary to leave the ends of the wires with a length of at least 120 mm. The insulation or sheath of the neutral wire for a length of 100 mm in front of the meter must have a distinctive color.

1.5.36. For the safe installation and replacement of meters in networks with voltage up to 380 V, it should be possible to turn off the meter installed before it at a distance of no more than 10 m by a switching device or fuses. Voltage relief must be provided for all phases connected to the meter.

Current transformers used to connect meters at voltages up to 380 V must be installed after switching devices in the direction of power flow.

1.5.37. Grounding (zeroing) of meters and current transformers must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Ch. 1.7. In this case, grounding and zero protective conductors from meters and current transformers with voltage up to 1 kV to the nearest terminal assembly must be copper.

1.5.38. If there are several connections at the facility with separate electricity metering, there should be inscriptions on the names of the connections on the meter panels.

See other articles Section Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

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Before the event, envy is stronger 24.05.2019

Events that we have yet to experience usually cause more emotions than those that have already passed.

We're more nervous about tomorrow's exam than the last one (unless we've failed it miserably), and the coming birthday is more exciting than the last one, unless it's more than exceeded our expectations.

The same is true for envy: if we envy someone else's plans, then this envy is stronger than when we envy what has already happened. Researchers from the University of Chicago asked several hundred people to imagine that their friend got what they themselves had long dreamed of: a dream job, a dream car, a dream vacation, etc. But only in one case, the job, or vacation, or car was in the near future. , and in another case, everything has already happened a few days or weeks ago.

The participants of the experiment described their feelings about this, and the authors of the work analyzed who envies more when. It turned out that even if we are talking about an imaginary event, the one that is to come in the future causes more envy than the one that has already happened.

To test changes in envy against unimagined events, the researchers used St. Valentine: in February 2017 and 2018 they asked people how they feel about how their acquaintances celebrate St. Valentine with her lovers. Envy of someone else's romantic happiness grew the stronger the closer February 14 was, but fell sharply the very next day.

Envy can be evil and kind: we envy in an evil way when we feel hostility to someone with whom something good happened, and we envy in a good way, when our envy serves as a motivation for us, a source of inspiration and generally encourages personal growth .

Between evil envy and good envy there is a difference in dynamics. In the first experiment, those who were asked to imagine enviable events that had already passed felt less negative emotions (less hostility, less dislike for the other person) than those who imagined that there was more to come. On the contrary, kind envy intensified when a person imagined what had already happened.

That is, if you want to brag to someone who is prone to envy, then it’s better to brag about achievements that have already taken place - in this case, envy will cause less stress and is more likely to benefit your friend.

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