Categories of electrical receivers and ensuring the reliability of power supply

Free technical library

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician

Section 1 General Rules

Power supply and electrical networks. Categories of electrical receivers and ensuring the reliability of power supply

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)

Comments on the article

1.2.17. The categories of power receivers in terms of power supply reliability are determined in the process of designing the power supply system on the basis of regulatory documentation, as well as the technological part of the project.

1.2.18. With regard to ensuring the reliability of power supply, power receivers are divided into the following three categories.

Power receivers of the first category - power receivers, the interruption of power supply of which can lead to a danger to people's lives, a threat to the security of the state, significant material damage, disruption of a complex technological process, disruption of the functioning of especially important elements of public utilities, communication and television facilities.

A special group of power receivers is distinguished from the composition of electric receivers of the first category, the uninterrupted operation of which is necessary for an emergency shutdown of production in order to prevent threats to human life, explosions and fires.

Electrical receivers of the second category are electrical receivers, the interruption of power supply of which leads to massive undersupply of products, massive downtime of workers, mechanisms and industrial transport, disruption of the normal activities of a significant number of urban and rural residents.

Power receivers of the third category - all other power receivers that do not fall under the definitions of the first and second categories.

1.2.19. Power receivers of the first category in normal modes must be provided with electricity from two independent mutually redundant power sources, and a break in their power supply in the event of a power failure from one of the power sources can only be allowed for the period of automatic power restoration.

For the power supply of a special group of power receivers of the first category, additional power must be provided from a third independent mutually redundant power source.

As a third independent power source for a special group of power receivers and as a second independent power source for the remaining power receivers of the first category, local power plants, power plants of power systems (in particular, generator voltage buses), uninterruptible power units designed for these purposes, batteries and etc.

If it is impossible to ensure the continuity of the technological process by redundant power supply or if redundant power supply is not economically feasible, technological redundancy should be carried out, for example, by installing mutually redundant technological units, special devices for trouble-free shutdown of the technological process, operating in the event of a power failure.

Power supply of power receivers of the first category with a particularly complex continuous technological process that requires a long time to restore the normal mode, if there are feasibility studies, it is recommended to carry out from two independent mutually redundant power sources, which are subject to additional requirements determined by the characteristics of the technological process.

1.2.20. Power receivers of the second category in normal modes must be provided with electricity from two independent mutually redundant power sources.

For power receivers of the second category, in the event of a power failure from one of the power sources, power supply interruptions are permissible for the time necessary to turn on the backup power by the actions of the duty personnel or the mobile operational team.

1.2.21. For power receivers of the third category, power supply can be carried out from one power source, provided that power supply interruptions necessary to repair or replace a damaged element of the power supply system do not exceed 1 day.

See other articles Section Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The world's tallest astronomical observatory opened 04.05.2024

Exploring space and its mysteries is a task that attracts the attention of astronomers from all over the world. In the fresh air of the high mountains, far from city light pollution, the stars and planets reveal their secrets with greater clarity. A new page is opening in the history of astronomy with the opening of the world's highest astronomical observatory - the Atacama Observatory of the University of Tokyo. The Atacama Observatory, located at an altitude of 5640 meters above sea level, opens up new opportunities for astronomers in the study of space. This site has become the highest location for a ground-based telescope, providing researchers with a unique tool for studying infrared waves in the Universe. Although the high altitude location provides clearer skies and less interference from the atmosphere, building an observatory on a high mountain poses enormous difficulties and challenges. However, despite the difficulties, the new observatory opens up broad research prospects for astronomers. ... >>

Controlling objects using air currents 04.05.2024

The development of robotics continues to open up new prospects for us in the field of automation and control of various objects. Recently, Finnish scientists presented an innovative approach to controlling humanoid robots using air currents. This method promises to revolutionize the way objects are manipulated and open new horizons in the field of robotics. The idea of controlling objects using air currents is not new, but until recently, implementing such concepts remained a challenge. Finnish researchers have developed an innovative method that allows robots to manipulate objects using special air jets as "air fingers". The air flow control algorithm, developed by a team of specialists, is based on a thorough study of the movement of objects in the air flow. The air jet control system, carried out using special motors, allows you to direct objects without resorting to physical ... >>

Purebred dogs get sick no more often than purebred dogs 03.05.2024

Caring for the health of our pets is an important aspect of the life of every dog owner. However, there is a common assumption that purebred dogs are more susceptible to diseases compared to mixed dogs. New research led by researchers at the Texas School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences brings new perspective to this question. A study conducted by the Dog Aging Project (DAP) of more than 27 companion dogs found that purebred and mixed dogs were generally equally likely to experience various diseases. Although some breeds may be more susceptible to certain diseases, the overall diagnosis rate is virtually the same between both groups. The Dog Aging Project's chief veterinarian, Dr. Keith Creevy, notes that there are several well-known diseases that are more common in certain breeds of dogs, which supports the notion that purebred dogs are more susceptible to disease. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Cellular cleansing saves from atherosclerosis 08.11.2016

Many diseases arise due to our own aged cells, which either can no longer perform their functions at all, or continue to do something, but incorrectly, not in the right way. The fact that a cell has grown old can be understood by the state of its DNA, in which more and more damage and errors accumulate over time - intracellular DNA repair systems simply do not have time to cope with them.

Usually, in this case, the cell immediately stops dividing - otherwise, with a whole "bouquet" of mutant genes "on hand", it has every chance of becoming malignant and giving rise to a cancerous tumor. But even having stopped dividing, the old cell continues to live in the body, synthesize some molecules, release them from itself into the external environment. Moreover, such molecules are capable of causing trouble to the surrounding normal cells and tissues.

Over time, the number of cells that are "neither alive nor dead" in the body only increases, but if you get rid of them, this literally helps to heal the body and increase life expectancy. You can get rid of them by turning on apoptosis, or a program of cellular self-destruction.

In the experiment of Darren Baker (Darren J. Baker) and his colleagues from the College of Medicine at the Mayo Clinic, genetically modified mice were used, in which the cell suicide program, apoptosis, could be triggered from the outside in aged cells. A special substance interacted precisely with such semi-working cells and turned the molecular "switch" that triggered cellular self-destruction.

Animals were kept on a fat-enriched diet for three months, then apoptosis was triggered in some, and the condition of the vessels was monitored. Signs of atherosclerosis in mice appeared quite soon, on the ninth day after they switched to fatty foods. But in those mice that were cleaned from old cells, atherosclerotic plaques appeared 60% less often - which is understandable, since deposits on the walls of blood vessels were rich in precisely aged cells. Among them, the most dangerous were immune macrophages, which consumed a lot of fat and turned on the inflammation that caused the plaque to grow.

In the later stages, the same "obese" macrophages secrete enzymes that make the plaque fragile, brittle, so that a piece can come off of it, swim somewhere with blood and eventually clog up some vessel. By the way, in the case when atherosclerotic plaques still formed in mice after the destruction of old cells, they were nevertheless stronger, and the likelihood that they would break, come off, and clog something somewhere remained small. .

Other interesting news:

▪ Vizio P Series Ultra HD Smart TVs

▪ BLU Dash 4.5 Quad Core Dual SIM Smartphone

▪ DC/DC Converters L598x

▪ Origin of the domestic cat

▪ microscopic diamond ring

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Grounding and grounding. Selection of articles

▪ article Go for broke. Popular expression

▪ article How did the measure of the weight of precious stones appear? Detailed answer

▪ article Sugar sorghum. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Thickness gauge. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Converter 12/220 volts using a standard transformer. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews