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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Converter 12/220 volts using a standard transformer. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Voltage converters, rectifiers, inverters

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The proposed converter circuit (Fig. 4.68) is easy to manufacture, made on a minimum number of parts.

Converter 12/220 volts using a standard transformer

The device does not have any features, it does not need adjustment.

The converter can be used as a backup power source. The transformer is used ready-made - from a conventional power supply, but in reverse connection. It has two 9 V windings with a maximum load current of 1,2 ... 1,5 A and a 220 V mains winding.

Author: Semyan A.P.

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Innovative silicon supercapacitor 19.11.2013

The innovative supercapacitor design, created by material scientists at Vanderbilt University (USA) under the guidance of Assistant Professor Cary Pint, makes it possible to create photovoltaic cells capable of generating electricity around the clock and not only when the sun is shining.

It is claimed to be the first supercapacitor made entirely from silicon and along with the microelectronic circuit it powers. And it can be used in built-in mobile phone batteries that charge in seconds and last for weeks between charges.

Scientists believe it will be possible to build batteries from the excess silicon found in today's photovoltaic cells, sensors, mobile phones and many other electromechanical devices, reducing the cost of these devices.

"If you ask people to make a supercapacitor out of silicon, they'll tell you it's a crazy idea," said Carey Pint, an assistant professor in the department of mechanical engineering who led the study. "But we've discovered a simple way to do it."

Instead of storing energy in chemical reactions, as batteries do, supercapacitors store energy by collecting ions on the surface of a porous material. As a result, they have the ability to charge and discharge in minutes rather than hours, and last for several million cycles rather than the thousands of cycles that batteries can.

These properties have enabled supercapacitors made from activated carbon to capture several niche markets, such as storing the energy generated by regenerative braking systems in buses and electric vehicles and providing the surge current needed to regulate the blades of giant wind turbines as wind conditions change. Supercapacitors still lag behind lithium-ion batteries in terms of specific capacity, so they are still too bulky to power most consumer devices. However, they are developing rapidly.

"Building high-performance functional devices from nanoscale building blocks with any level of control proved to be quite a challenge. And once it was done, it proved difficult to repeat," explained Assistant Professor Cary Pint.

“Despite the excellent performance of the device that we got, our goal was not to create devices with record parameters,” Pint said. “The goal was to develop methods for creating integrated energy storage. Silicon is an ideal material to work with, because it is the basis for many modern technologies and devices. In addition, most of the silicon in existing devices remains unused due to the fact that it is very expensive and unprofitable to produce thin silicon substrates."

Pint's group is now using this approach to create an energy store that could be formed in excess material or on the back of photocells and sensors. Supercapacitors could store excess electricity generated by photovoltaic cells during the day and release it during peak hours in the evening.

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