The greatest allowable pulling force of one knife from the fixed contact

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Annex 3.1. The highest allowable force for pulling one knife out of the fixed contact. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE)

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Table 20

Rated current, A	Pulling force, kN (kgf)
400 - 600	0,2 (2,0)
1000 - 2000	0,4 (4,0)
3000	0,8 (8,0)

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Stem cells in the shell 16.10.2013

Treatment of cardiovascular diseases with stem cells is, in principle, possible. In different countries of the world, patients with heart disease are planted with stem cells. However, most trials have shown that the effect of such treatment on the heart is minimal. One reason is that the cells either do not stay in the heart or die shortly after being introduced into the body.

Researchers from Emory University (USA) seem to have found a solution to this problem. The scientists "packed" the stem cells into capsules made from alginate, a jelly-like substance. Cells in capsules remain in the body during transplantation and have a therapeutic effect for a long time.

The authors of the study formed plaques from encapsulated stem cells and transplanted them into rats that had suffered a heart attack. Other rats after a heart attack were transplanted with conventional stem cells, without membranes. The third group of rats received no stem cells at all. The rats that received the cell-sheathed cells showed an improvement in heart function, with rapid healing of scar tissue in the heart tissue and rapid growth of new blood vessels.

A month after the induced heart attack, the ejection fraction (a measure used to measure how well the heart is pumping blood) of the rat's heart dropped from 72% to 34%. When replanting encapsulated stem cells, the ejection fraction increased to 56%. When transplanting conventional stem cells without capsules, the ejection fraction did not exceed 39%.

Stem cells, when injected into the heart after a heart attack, face an inhospitable environment: inflammation and high blood flow prevent the cells from staying in the tissue, they just "leave" there without doing any good. According to studies, more than 90% of cells die in the first hours. This is not the case with cells in capsules. Cells remain in place, they are immune to the external environment and secrete proteins that produce cell growth.

Alginate - the material of the capsule - is safe, it is actively used in medicine and in cooking. For example, some scientists use alginate to encapsulate insulin-producing cells. Now such cells are being tested for the treatment of diabetes.

The main advantages of encapsulated cells are their secretion of hormones that stimulate the regeneration of blood vessels. The mesenchymal stem cells needed for such therapy can be obtained from adult tissues such as bone marrow or fat.

Currently, the hydrogel that scientists use decomposes within 10 days. But scientists intend to test other materials to see how long they can stay in the body.

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