Thermos. History of invention and production

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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
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Thermos. History of invention and production

The history of technology, technology, objects around us

Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us

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Thermos - a type of household heat-insulating utensils for long-term preservation of a higher or lower temperature of food, compared to the ambient temperature. It is a type of Dewar vessel.

A thermos can be used not only for storing ready-made drinks and food, but also for preparing them, for example, various infusions and cereals.

Thermos
Thermos

The main element of a thermos is a flask (Dewar vessel) made of glass or stainless steel with double walls, between which air is pumped out (vacuum is created) to reduce thermal conductivity and convection between the thermos flask and the external environment. To reduce thermal radiation, the inner surfaces of the glass bulb are covered with a layer of reflective, mirror material. The outer case of thermoses with a glass flask is made of plastic or metal, the metal flask is also the body of the thermos.

Thermos
Thermos scheme

At the end of the XNUMXth century, physicists became interested in studying low temperatures, in particular, the liquefaction of gases - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen.

One of the biggest problems turned out to be not obtaining liquefied gases, but their more or less long-term storage. For example, the Polish physicists Karol Olszewski and Zygmunt Wroblewski (who first obtained liquid oxygen in 1883) managed to liquefy hydrogen, but they could not keep it: the gas quickly evaporated. In experiments with liquid oxygen, Olszewski used a double-walled glass box with air evacuated from the space between the walls (the German physicist Adolf Ferdinand Weinhold (1841-1917) developed this container in 1881).

Another famous scientist, James Dewar (1842-1923), was able to improve the Weinhold container in 1892. He made it in the form of a flask with a narrow neck (this form made it possible to reduce the evaporation of liquefied gases), and covered the inside of the flask with a thin layer of silver - the mirror surface reflected thermal radiation and improved thermal insulation.

Dewar hung this entire fragile structure on springs in a metal casing. This was the "Dewar vessel", which is still used in scientific laboratories around the world to this day. Thanks to his development, Dewar was the first to obtain and preserve liquid (1898) and even solid (1899) hydrogen.

Neither Weinhold nor Dewar were going to put their developments on a commercial basis. But the Berlin glass instrument manufacturer Reynold Berger saw significant commercial potential in the Dewar's design. In 1903, he completed the vessel with a compact metal casing, hermetic cork and a glass lid, and in 1904 he founded a company for the production of a "vacuum flask".

Such a name was not sonorous enough, and therefore Berger announced a competition for the best name. The winner was a Munich resident who proposed to name the product Thermos - from the Greek word therme - "hot". In 1907, Thermos GmbH sold the rights to the Thermos brand to three companies - the American American Thermos Bottle Company, the British Thermos Limited and the Canadian Canadian Thermos Bottle Co, which made the company's product famous, and the word thermos itself became a household name.

Thermos still exists today. It still produces some of the best thermoses in the world. The motto of the company reads: "Keep warm. Since 1904".

Author: S.Apresov

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