Electrical management. operational management

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Section 1. Organization of operation of electrical installations

Chapter 1.5. Electrical management. operational management

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE)

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1.5.8. Consumers who have their own sources of electrical energy or who have independent electrical network enterprises in their power supply system must organize operational dispatch control of electrical equipment, the tasks of which are:

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development and maintenance of the required mode of operation;

production of switching starts and stops;

localization of accidents and restoration of the operating mode;

planning and preparation of schemes and equipment for the production of repair work in electrical installations;

fulfillment of requirements for the quality of electrical energy;

ensuring the efficiency of the operation of electrical equipment and the rational use of energy resources, subject to consumption modes;

prevention and elimination of accidents and failures in the production, conversion, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical energy.

The organization of dispatch control at Consumers must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the current rules, while the Consumers included in the register of energy supply organizations carry out their activities in accordance with the rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks.

1.5.9. The system of operational management of electrical facilities, the organizational structure and form of operational management, as well as the type of operational maintenance of electrical installations, the number of employees from operational personnel in a shift is determined by the head of the Consumer and documented.

1.5.10. Operational management should be organized according to a hierarchical structure, providing for the distribution of operational control and management functions between levels, as well as the subordination of lower levels of management to higher ones.

For Consumers of electrical energy, the higher level of operational management is the dispatch services of the relevant energy supply organizations.

1.5.11. For each operational level, two categories of equipment and facilities management should be established - operational management and operational maintenance.

1.5.12. The operational management of a senior worker from among the operational personnel should include equipment, power lines, current ducts, relay protection devices, equipment of the emergency and regime automation system, dispatch and technological control facilities, operations with which require coordination of the actions of subordinate operational personnel and coordinated changes in modes on several objects.

Operations with the specified equipment and devices must be carried out under the guidance of a senior worker from among the operational personnel.

1.5.13. The operational control of a senior worker from among the operational personnel should include equipment, power lines, current ducts, relay protection devices, equipment for the emergency and regime automation system, dispatch and technological control facilities, operations with which do not require coordination of the actions of personnel from different energy facilities, but the state and the mode of operation of which affects the mode of operation and reliability of electrical networks, as well as the setting of emergency automatic devices.

Operations with the specified equipment and devices must be carried out with the permission of a senior worker from among the operational personnel.

1.5.14. All power lines, conductors, equipment and devices of the Consumer's power supply system must be distributed according to the levels of operational management.

The lists of power transmission lines, conductors, equipment and devices that are under the operational control or operational management of a senior employee from among the operational personnel of the Consumer must be drawn up taking into account the decisions on the operational management of the energy supply organization, agreed with it and approved by the technical manager of the Consumer.

1.5.15. The relationship between the personnel of various levels of operational management should be regulated by the relevant provisions, contracts and instructions, agreed and approved in the prescribed manner.

1.5.16. Operational control should be carried out from the control panel or from the control room. It is possible to use an electrical room adapted for this purpose.

Control boards (points) must be equipped with communication facilities. It is recommended to record operational conversations on a tape recorder.

1.5.17. On the boards (points) of operational control and in other premises adapted for this purpose, there should be operational diagrams (schemes - layouts) of electrical connections of electrical installations that are in operational control.

All changes in the wiring diagram of electrical installations and relay protection and automation devices (hereinafter referred to as RPA), as well as the places for applying and removing grounding, must be reflected in the operational diagram (layout diagram) after switching.

1.5.18. For each electrical installation, single-line electrical connection diagrams for all voltages under normal operating conditions of the equipment must be drawn up, approved once every 1 years by the Consumer's responsible for the electrical economy.

1.5.19. Each control room, control panel of the Consumer's power supply system and the facility with constant personnel on duty must have local instructions for the prevention and elimination of accidents. These instructions must be coordinated with the superior body of operational dispatch control.

1.5.20. Each Consumer must develop instructions for operational management, operational negotiations and records, operational switching and elimination of emergency modes, taking into account the specifics and structural features of organizations.

1.5.21. Switching in the electrical circuits of switchgears (hereinafter referred to as switchgear) of substations, switchboards and assemblies is carried out by order or with the knowledge of higher operational personnel in whose operational management or jurisdiction this equipment is located, in accordance with the procedure established by the Consumer: by oral or telephone order with entry in the operating log.

Operational switching must be performed by an employee from among the operational personnel directly servicing electrical installations.

The switching order must indicate their sequence. The order is considered executed only after receiving a message about it from the employee to whom it was given.

1.5.22. Complex switching, as well as all switching (except for single ones) at electrical installations not equipped with interlocking devices or having faulty interlocking devices, must be carried out according to programs, switching forms.

The complex ones include switching that requires a strict sequence of operations with switching devices, grounding disconnectors and relay protection devices, emergency and regime automation.

1.5.23. Lists of complex switching, approved by technical managers, should be kept at control rooms, central (main) control panels of power plants and substations.

Lists of complex switching should be reviewed when changing the scheme, equipment composition, protection devices and automation.

1.5.24. Complex switching must be performed, as a rule, by two employees, of which one is the supervisor.

If there is one employee from among the operating personnel in the shift, the supervisor can be an employee from the administrative and technical personnel who knows the scheme of this electrical installation, the rules for making switching and is allowed to perform switching.

1.5.25. In case of complex switching, it is allowed to involve a third employee from the personnel of the RPA services for the operation in the relay protection and protection circuits. This employee, having previously read and signed the switching form, must perform each operation at the order of the employee performing the switching.

All other switchings in the presence of a functional blocking device can be performed individually, regardless of the composition of the shift.

1.5.26. In cases of urgency (accident, natural disaster, as well as during the liquidation of accidents), it is allowed, in accordance with local instructions, to perform switching without an order or without the knowledge of higher operational personnel, followed by its notification and entry in the operational log.

1.5.27. The list of employees entitled to perform operational switching is approved by the head of the Consumer.

The list of employees who have the right to conduct operational negotiations is approved by those responsible for the electrical economy and transferred to the energy supply organization and sub-subscribers.

1.5.28. For repetitive complex switching, standard programs, switching forms * should be used.

* When compiling standard programs and switching forms, it is recommended that energy services use the standard instructions for switching in electrical installations that are in force in power supply organizations.

When eliminating technological violations or to prevent them, it is allowed to make switching without switching forms, followed by an entry in the operational log.

1.5.29. Switching programs and forms, which are operational documents, must establish the procedure and sequence of operations when switching in electrical wiring diagrams of electrical installations and relay protection and automation circuits.

Switching forms (standard forms) should be used by operational personnel directly performing switching.

1.5.30. Switching programs (standard programs) should be used by the heads of operational personnel when switching in electrical installations of different levels of management and different power facilities.

The degree of detail of programs should correspond to the level of operational management.

Employees who directly perform switching are allowed to use the switching programs of the corresponding dispatcher, supplemented by switching forms.

1.5.31. Typical programs and switching forms should be adjusted when changes are made in the main electrical wiring diagram of electrical installations associated with the commissioning of new equipment, the replacement or partial dismantling of obsolete equipment, the reconstruction of switchgears, as well as when new ones are switched on or changes are made in installed RPA devices.

1.5.32. In electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V, switching is carried out:

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without switching forms - for simple switching and in the presence of active interlocking devices that exclude incorrect operations with disconnectors and grounding knives during all switching;

according to the switching form - in the absence of blocking devices or their malfunction, as well as in case of complex switching.

1.5.33. When eliminating accidents, switching is carried out without forms, followed by an entry in the operational log.

Switching forms must be numbered. Used forms are stored in the prescribed manner.

In electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V, switching is carried out without drawing up switching forms, but with an entry in the operational log.

1.5.34. Electrical equipment, disconnected at the oral request of technological personnel for the performance of any work, is switched on only at the request of the employee who submitted the request for disconnection, or replacing him.

Before starting the temporarily disconnected equipment, at the request of the technological personnel, the operational personnel are obliged to inspect the equipment, make sure that it is ready for switching on under voltage and warn the personnel working on it about the upcoming switching on.

The procedure for processing applications for turning off and turning on electrical equipment must be approved by the technical manager of the Consumer.

1.5.35. In electrical installations with constant personnel on duty, the equipment that was under repair or being tested is switched on under voltage only after it has been accepted by the operating personnel.

In electrical installations without permanent personnel on duty, the procedure for accepting equipment after repair or testing is established by local instructions, taking into account the characteristics of the electrical installation and meeting safety requirements.

1.5.36. When switching in electrical installations, the following procedure must be observed:

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the employee who received the assignment for switching is obliged to repeat it, write it down in the operational log and establish the order of upcoming operations according to the operational scheme or layout scheme; draw up, if required, a switching form. Negotiations of operational personnel should be as short and clear as possible. The operational language should exclude the possibility of misunderstanding by the personnel of received messages and transmitted orders. The giver and receiver of the order must clearly understand the order of operations;

if switching is performed by two employees, then the one who received the order is obliged to explain the order and sequence of upcoming operations to the second employee participating in the switching according to the operational connection diagram;

if there is any doubt about the correctness of the switching, they should be stopped and the required sequence checked according to the operational wiring diagram;

after the switching task is completed, an entry in the operational log should be made about this.

1.5.37. With planned changes in the scheme and modes of operation of the power equipment of Consumers, changes in the relay protection and automation devices, the dispatching services that manage the equipment and relay protection devices must make the necessary changes and additions to the standard programs and switching forms at the appropriate levels of operational management in advance.

1.5.38. Operational personnel directly performing the switching are not allowed to disable the locks without permission.

Unblocking is allowed only after checking on site the disconnected position of the circuit breaker and finding out the reason for the failure of the blocking by permission and under the guidance of employees authorized to do so by a written order of the Consumer responsible for the electrical economy.

If release is necessary, a switchover form is drawn up with the entry of release operations into it.

1.5.39. The switching form is filled in by the duty officer who received the order to carry out the switching. The form is signed by both employees who carried out the switching.

Supervising when performing switching is the senior in position.

Responsibility for the correct switching in all cases lies with both employees who performed the operations.

1.5.40. Switching in complete switchgear (at complete transformer substations), including rolling out and rolling in carts with equipment, as well as switching in switchgear, on switchboards and assemblies with voltage up to 1000 V, is allowed to be performed by one employee from among the operating personnel servicing these electrical installations.

1.5.41. Switching in electrical equipment and in RPA devices, which are under the operational control of higher operational personnel, must be carried out by order, and those under his authority - with his permission.

In case of fire and emergency response, the operational personnel must act in accordance with local instructions and the operational fire fighting plan.

1.5.42. The order on switching should indicate the sequence of operations in the electrical installation diagram and relay protection circuits with the necessary degree of detail, determined by higher operational personnel.

The switching executor should be simultaneously given no more than one task to carry out operational switching.

1.5.43. In the event of a power failure at the electrical installation, the operating personnel must be prepared for its appearance without warning at any time.

1.5.44. Disconnection and inclusion under voltage and into operation of the connection, which has a switch in its circuit, must be carried out using a switch.

It is allowed to switch off and on by separators, disconnectors, detachable contacts of connections of complete switchgears (KRU), including outdoor installation devices (KRUN):

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neutrals of power transformers with a voltage of 110 - 220 kV;

grounding arc-suppressing reactors with a voltage of 6 - 35 kV in the absence of a ground fault in the network;

magnetizing current of power transformers with a voltage of 6 - 220 kV;

charging current and earth fault current of overhead and cable power lines;

charging current of busbar systems, as well as charging current of connections in compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents of the power supply organization.

In ring networks with a voltage of 6 - 10 kV, it is allowed to switch off circulating currents up to 70 A by disconnectors and close the network into a ring when the voltage difference at the open contacts of the disconnectors is not more than 5% of the rated voltage. It is allowed to switch off and on the load current up to 15 A by three-pole outdoor disconnectors at a voltage of 10 kV and below.

Remote disconnection of a faulty 220 kV circuit breaker shunted by one circuit breaker or a chain of several circuit breakers of other connections of the busbar system is allowed if disconnection of the circuit breaker can lead to its destruction and de-energization of the substation.

Permissible values of currents switched off and on by disconnectors must be determined by the NTD of the power supply organization. The procedure and conditions for performing operations for various electrical installations must be regulated by local instructions.

See other articles Section Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE).

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