Charger circuit breaker. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Chargers, batteries, galvanic cells

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When charging car batteries, you must adhere to certain requirements declared by the manufacturer. The charging rate for a car battery is a charge with a current of 0,1 of the rated capacity for 10 hours. For example, a 6-CT55 battery needs to be charged with a current of 5,5 A for 10 hours. Sometimes other charging modes are used, with more or less current, respectively, more or less time is the charging period.

Despite the availability of various electronic impulse automatic chargers for sale, most motorists prefer to use conventional chargers, which are a transformer with a powerful diode rectifier, ammeter, voltmeter and current regulator.

Such a charger does not change the output characteristics during the charging process and it is necessary to control the charging time. Here is a description of a simple timer that can limit the charger to periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18 hours.

The accuracy of setting the time is not high, and usually within 10% error, but this is quite acceptable for charging the battery. The timer is powered directly from the battery being charged, there is a turnip at its output, which turns on the charger 8 at the moment the timer is connected to the battery, and turns it off when the required time has elapsed. The time is set with a 9-position switch.

The timer consists of an RC multivibrator that generates pulses with a frequency of 2,27 Hz and two counters. The first counter D2 gives a division by 16384, which, with an input frequency of 2,27 Hz, gives a period of 2 hours. These pulses are then fed to the decimal counter D3, which counts these periods and the switch S1 allows you to select one of the nine periods in increments of 2 hours.

The circuit is powered by a rechargeable battery, and switching on occurs at the moment the circuit is connected to it. You need to pre-set S1 to the desired position, then connect to the battery (parallel to the output of the charger). At the moment of switching on, the circuit C2-R5 will reset both counters to zero.

All outputs of D3 that are connected to S1 will be zeros, and the output of inverter D1.3 will be one. This unit will open the VT2-VT3 key, and the K1 relay will connect the charger to the mains.

After that, the countdown will start. After a predetermined time, one will appear at the output of D3, to which S2 is switched. A zero will appear at the output of D1.3. The VT2-VT3 key will close and the K1 relay will turn off, its contacts will open and disconnect the K1 relay from the mains. At the same time, a unit from S1 will go to pin 2 of D1.2 and stop the multivibrator D1.1-D1.2. It will stop in a logical unit state at the output of element D1.2. The account will stop. To start the countdown again, you need to disconnect the timer from the battery and connect it again.

The circuit has an indicator LED HL1. It flashes while the countdown is running, and stops flashing when the interval is over. If you want the LED to go out at the end of the interval, you need to disconnect R2 from the D1.2 output and connect it to the D1.1 output.

Diode VD2 protects the timer circuit from improper connection to the battery.

The VD3 zener diode protects microcircuits from damage by increased supply voltage. This situation may occur if the battery is defective (its internal resistance is too high) or when the battery is disconnected from the charger. In this case, the timer circuit may only be connected to the charger, and at idle it can deliver up to 20 V or more.

Microcircuits can be replaced by foreign analogues.

Relay K1 - automotive, the type is indicated in the diagram. But something else is possible. It is important that the contacts withstand the power of the charger.

The KD522 diode can be replaced with almost any diode, for example, KD521, KD103, KD102, KD209. 1N4004, 1N4007, etc. Diode 1N4004 can be replaced by 1N4007 KD209 or another rectifier.

LED HL1 - any indicator. Transistors KT3102 can be replaced with KT315. Transistor KT815 - on KT817 KT604 Instead of a pair of VT2-VT3, you can use one transistor KT972.

The adjustment consists in setting the frequency of the multivibrator by selecting the resistance R1. The frequency should be 2,27 Hz. The resistance R1 can turn out to be anything, since the spread of capacitance C1 also matters. In the diagram, R1 = 230 kΩ is made up of 220 kΩ and 10 kΩ connected in series. If there is no frequency meter capable of showing fractions of Hz, you can get by with hours. To do this, connect the multimeter so as to measure the voltage at pin 14 D2 (relative to minus), and apply power to the circuit.

The resistance R1 must be selected so that the multimeter shows the voltage of the logical unit 3 minutes 45 seconds after the power is applied. For convenience, you can replace R1 with a series circuit of a constant resistor of 100 kOhm and a trimmer of 220 kOhm. But you need to take measures to fix the tuning resistor so that its engine after tuning does not move on its own from vibration or hitting the timer.

Everything except the relay and switch is assembled on a commercially available 75x60mm breadboard.

Author: Novoselov V.S.

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