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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Powerful voltage stabilizer for wind turbine. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources Having read the article "Stabilization of mains voltage in rural areas" in RA 4/2002, I decided to give a description of my version of the stabilizer, which for about three years, together with a wind turbine, has been providing me with electricity almost all year round. It can also be used to stabilize the voltage in a conventional network. During the construction of a wind turbine based on an asynchronous electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor, a need arose for a powerful three-phase voltage stabilizer with a power of more than 2 kW. The voltage on the generator "jumped" in strong winds up to 500 V, and in weak winds it dropped to 100 V. As a result, several types of stabilizers of different designs and complexity were developed and tested. The design of a single-phase stabilizer with a power of 2 kW turned out to be the simplest and most reliable in operation, but with minor modifications it can be converted into a three-phase one for almost any power (up to 32 kW!). The main advantage of the stabilizer is high power, high efficiency, relatively low cost, wide range of adjustable voltages. The disadvantages include a rather large inertia, which makes it impossible to compensate for rapid voltage changes. This disadvantage is easily eliminated by the design of the wind generator itself. The principle of operation of the stabilizer is based on changing the number of turns of an adjustable transformer (LATR) using a tracking electromechanical device, the block diagram of which is shown in Fig.1.
The voltage from the generator or network is supplied to an adjustable autotransformer, the slider of which is moved by an electric motor with a worm gear. Voltage is removed from the autotransformer to power the load, the power supply of the device, as well as to the rectifier of the tracking device (CU control device). After processing the incoming voltage, a signal is given to turn on / off the electromagnetic switches that control the operation of the electric motor. In this case, the indicators show the value of the output voltage. The power supply unit provides the device with the necessary supply voltages: for indicators, electric keys and a motor +18 V for a control device +5 V. The electrical circuit diagram of the stabilizer is shown in Fig.2.
Specifications of the stabilizer:
Alternating voltage through the limit switches SQ1, SQ2 is supplied to the autotransformer T1. From the autotransformer engine, the voltage is removed to power the load, the power supply transformer and to the diode bridge V1-V4. From the diode bridge, the rectified voltage is supplied to the divider R1-R4. If the voltage at the output of the autotransformer is within 210 ... 230 V, then the transistor V9 is closed, and the transistor V7 is open, and there is a log "1.2" at the outputs of the elements DD1.5 and DD0, transistors V10 and V11 are closed, relays K1 and K2 are de-energized, the motor M1 is de-energized and the indicator lamp HL1 "Norm" is on. In this state, the device is in standby mode until the voltage on the autotransformer goes beyond the set limits. When the voltage rises above 230 V, the zener diode V8 and the transistor V9 open, a log "10" appears at pin 1.5 of the DD1 element and opens the transistor V11. Relay K2 is activated, with its contacts K2.1 it turns off the lamp HL1, and with its contacts K2.2 it lights the lamp HL2 "Many". Contacts K2.3 turns on the motor M1, which moves the slider of the autotransformer until the voltage on the slider becomes less than 230 V. In this case, the voltage at the zener diode V8 becomes less than the stabilization voltage, transistors V9 and V11 close, the relay de-energizes, the HL2 lamp goes out, and HL1 will light up. Contacts K2.3 will switch to the initial position and the armature winding is short-circuited, as a result of which the slider will be quickly braked. If the voltage becomes less than 210 V, then the zener diode V5 will close the transistor V7, a high level will appear at pin 4 of the DD1.2 element, which will open the transistor V10 and turn on relay K1. In this case, the HL1 lamp will go out and the HL3 "Little" lamp will light up. Contacts K1.3 will turn on the M1 motor and increase the voltage on the autotransformer until the zener diode V5 opens. After that, the transistor V7 opens, and V10 closes. Relay K1 will de-energize, the HL2 lamp will go out, and HL1 will light up. Contacts K1.3 will switch and motor M1 will quickly decelerate. If the voltage on the generator greatly increases or decreases (300 and 100 V, respectively), then the slider will press the limit switch SQ1 (at a voltage of 300 V) or SQ2 (at a voltage of 100 V) and the voltage supply will completely stop, while the HL4 pump will burn "Accident nutrition". It is possible to remove the accident only after the cause of the accident is eliminated and the load is completely disconnected by pressing the button SB5 "Accident reset" for 1 seconds. And only after the voltage on the stabilizer is fully established, you can turn on the load. Elements R10, C2 and R11, C5 are necessary to eliminate the "influence" of the motor and relay during short power surges. Using the SB2 and SB3 buttons, you can control the stabilizer manually, only in this case you need to switch the SB4 toggle switch to the "Manual control" position. The power supply is built according to the standard scheme and needs no explanation. The only thing that needs to be clarified is the role of the diode V16. It performs the function of a filter, i.e. reduces the influence of the relay and the motor on the operation of the control device. Details. In the stabilizer, you can use MLT, OMLT resistances with a power of 0,25 W. Resistors R1, R2 type MLT with a power of 2 watts. Any diodes V1-V4, V12-V15 for an operating voltage of at least 400 V and a reverse current of 1 A. The TKE54PD1 relay with a 24 V winding, an electric motor with a worm gear was taken from a GAZ-53 windscreen wiper. Any T2 transformer with an output voltage of 18 V and a power of 120 watts. Chip K155LN1 or K133LN1. Transistors V7-V9 types KT315V, KT312B, KT3102; V10, V11 types KT815A, KT817A. Limit switches D701. Buttons SB1-SB3 any with auto return. Toggle switch SB4 type MT1, MT2. Trimmer resistance type SP3-1B. Capacitors C1, C5, C7 types K21-8, KLS, etc., C2-C3 type K10-7V; C4 type K50-3, K50-3V for voltage 50 V; C6 type K50-18, K50-24 with a capacity of 8000 μFCh50 V. Incandescent lamps KN24-90, KHL4. Neon lamp type IN1, IN2 or any other. To make an autotransformer, you need to take steel from the stator of a 3-kilowatt asynchronous electric motor and wrap it with two or three layers of varnished cloth. Then wind tightly coil to coil insulated copper wire with a diameter of 1,5 mm. The remaining end of the wire is well insulated and glued to the transformer with Moment or BF2 glue. Take off from the last third of the turns. At the top of the transformer, where the slider will move, use sandpaper to remove a layer of varnish. Then fill the entire structure with nitro-lacquer, except, of course, the cleaned area, and let the varnish dry completely. While the transformer dries, cut out the base and cover from getinaks or plexiglass slightly larger than the diameter of the transformer. Make a hole in the center of the cover and install the motor with the gearbox. Slide the slider onto the gearbox shaft through the insulating tube. The slider itself was taken from LATR type POSN-2-220-82, only the leash had to be slightly lengthened. Now put the transformer on the base, put the cover on top and fasten everything with studs. Insert the transformer in the center and reinforce it on the sides with rubber inserts. Mount the limit switches on the top cover so that the slider actuates them. SQ1 must be installed at the very end of the winding, SQ2 - at the end of the first third of the winding. Be extremely careful when you clean up the place for the leash so as not to short out the coils. It is necessary to clean only from the top of the wire, then blow the transformer with compressed air at a pressure of 3 ... 3,5 kgf / cm2. The autotransformer is ready! As mentioned above, the transformer must be wound with a wire of the PEV1 or PEL brand tightly coil to coil along the inner diameter, and laid outside with a uniform step in one layer. Adjustment. First of all, check the quality of installation and the correctness of all connections. Remove the fuses from the holders, glue a voltmeter to the load output and turn on the autotransformer in a standard 220 V network. When properly assembled, the transformer operates quietly, almost silently. By rotating the armature of the engine, set the voltage to 220 V on the voltmeter. Disconnect the stabilizer from the mains and replace the fuses. Move the "Manual/Auto" toggle switch to the "Manual" position. Set the slider of the resistor R2 to the lower position according to the diagram, and R4 to the upper position. Connect the power supply and use the SB2 and SB3 buttons to set the voltage to 250 V using the voltmeter. Move the SВ4 toggle switch to the "Automatic" position and by rotating the R2 knob, achieve the operation of the device at the upper limit. Switch SB4 back to the "Manual" position and set the output voltage to 210 V using the voltmeter. Set SB4 to the "Automatic" position and use the trimmer R4 to make the device operate at the lower limit. Now you can check the performance of the stabilizer for its intended purpose. Connect a 1 kW lamp to the "Load" terminals, and the stabilizer should "respond" to the load by moving the slider to another position. Now, by repeatedly quickly turning the lamp on and off, make sure that the engine does not "twitch", otherwise, select capacitors C2 and C3 more accurately. Move the toggle switch to the "Manual" position and set the voltage to 100 V using a voltmeter. Move the limit switch SQ1 until it trips and tighten it. Press the buttons SB1 and SB5 simultaneously and set the voltage to 300 V. Move the limit switch SQ2 until it trips and fix it in this position. Press the SB1 and SB2 buttons, set the voltage to 220 V using the voltmeter and turn the toggle switch to the "Automatic" position. The device is completely ready to work! Can be connected to a generator. When adjusting and adjusting the device, be careful and careful, because. circuit elements are under life-threatening voltage! After adjusting and adjusting the stabilizer, install it in a box of suitable dimensions. Display the indicator lamps inserted into the eyes on the front panel. HL1 green, HL2 and HL3 yellow, HL4 red. The SB1-SB3 buttons and the SB4 toggle switch should also be brought to the front panel. Install the board with the installed parts (mounted mounted and made with PEV1 wire with a diameter of 0,1 ... 0,2 mm) on the side wall with the regulators outward. I recommend bringing the generator and load connection clamps to the side walls. The cabinet, wind turbine and generator must be grounded. Grounding resistance should be no more than 2 ohms. Item List:
Select the relay according to the minimum operating current. The transformer should have 418 turns tapped from 280 turns, counting from the bottom. It takes about 210 meters of wire to make it. References:
Author: V.V. Chirka
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