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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Potapov's heat generator is a working cold fusion reactor. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources Potapov's heat generator was invented in the early 90s (Russian patent 2045715, Ukrainian patent 7205). It looks like a vortex tube by J. Ranke, invented by this French engineer back in the late 20s and patented in the USA (patent 1952281). French scientists then ridiculed the report of J. Ranke, in their opinion, the operation of the vortex tube contradicted the laws of thermodynamics. A complete and consistent theory of the operation of a vortex tube still does not exist, despite the simplicity of this device. "On the fingers" they explain that when the gas is untwisted in a vortex tube, it is compressed at the walls of the tube under the action of centrifugal forces, as a result of which it heats up, as it heats up when compressed in a pump. And in the axial zone of the pipe, on the contrary, the gas experiences rarefaction, and then it cools, expanding. Removing the gas from the near-wall region through one hole, and from the axial one through the other, and achieve the separation of the initial gas flow into hot and cold flows. Liquids, unlike gases, are practically incompressible, so for half a century it never occurred to anyone to supply water instead of gas into a vortex tube. For the first time this was done in the late 80s by Yu.S. Potapov in Chisinau. To his surprise, the water in the vortex tube split into two streams with different temperatures. But not hot and cold, but hot and warm. For the temperature of the "cold" flow turned out to be slightly higher than the temperature of the source water supplied by the pump to the vortex tube. Careful calorimetry showed that such a device generates more thermal energy than is consumed by the electric motor of the pump, which supplies water to the vortex tube. This is how Potapov's heat generator was born, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 1.
The injection pipe 1 is connected to the flange of a centrifugal pump (not shown in the figure), which supplies water under a pressure of 4-6 atm. Getting into the snail 2, the water flow itself twists in a vortex motion and enters the vortex tube 3, the length of which is 10 times greater than its diameter. A swirling vortex flow in pipe 3 moves along a helical spiral near the pipe walls to its opposite (hot) end, ending in bottom 4 with a hole in its center for hot flow to exit. In front of the bottom 4, a braking device 5 is fixed - a flow straightener made in the form of several flat plates radially welded to the central sleeve coaxial with the pipe 3. When the vortex flow in pipe 3 moves towards this straightener 5, a counterflow is generated in the axial zone of pipe 3. In it, the water, also rotating, moves to the fitting 6, cut into the flat wall of the volute 2 coaxially with the pipe 3 and designed to release the "cold" flow. In nozzle 6, the inventor installed another flow straightener 7, similar to braking device 5. It serves to partially convert the rotational energy of the "cold" flow into heat. And the warm water leaving it was directed through the bypass 8 to the hot outlet pipe 9, where it mixes with the hot stream leaving the vortex tube through the straightener 5. From the pipe 9, the heated water enters either directly to the consumer or to a heat exchanger that transfers heat to the consumer circuit. In the latter case, the waste water from the primary circuit (already at a lower temperature) returns to the pump, which again feeds it into the vortex tube through pipe 1. Table 1 shows the parameters of several modifications of the vortex heat generator supplied by Yu.S. Potapov (see photo) for mass production and manufactured by his firm "Yusmar". There are technical conditions for this heat generator TU U 24070270, 001-96. Table 1
The heat generator is used in many enterprises and in private households, it has received hundreds of accolades from users. But before the appearance of the book [1], no one imagined what processes take place in Potapov's heat generator, which hindered its distribution and use. Even now it is difficult to tell how this seemingly simple device works and what processes take place in it, leading to the appearance of additional heat, seemingly from nothing. In 1870, R. Clausius formulated the famous virial theorem, which states that in any connected equilibrium system of bodies, the time-average potential energy of their connection with each other in its absolute value is twice the time-average total kinetic energy of the movement of these bodies relative to each other: Epot \u2d - 1 Ekin. ( one ) This theorem can be deduced by considering the motion of a planet with mass m around the Sun in an orbit with radius R. The centrifugal force Fc = mV2/R and an equal but oppositely directed force of gravitational attraction Fgr = -GmM/R2 act on the planet. The above formulas for the forces form the first pair of equations, and the second form the expressions for the kinetic energy of the planet's motion Ekin =mV2/2 and its potential energy Egr = GmM/R in the gravitational field of the Sun, which has mass M. From this system of four equations, the expression for the virial theorem follows (1). This theorem is also used when considering the planetary model of the atom proposed by E. Rutherford. Only in this case, it is no longer gravitational forces that work, but the forces of electrostatic attraction of the electron to the atomic nucleus. The "-" sign in (1) appeared because the centripetal force vector is opposite to the centrifugal force vector. This sign means the shortage (deficit) in the connected system of bodies of the amount of positive mass-energy in comparison with the sum of the rest energies of all bodies of this system. Consider water in a glass as a system of connected bodies. It consists of H2O molecules linked to each other by so-called hydrogen bonds, the action of which determines the solidity of water, in contrast to water vapor, in which water molecules are no longer bound to each other. In liquid water, some of the hydrogen bonds have already been broken, and the higher the water temperature, the more broken bonds. Only near the ice are almost all of them intact. When we begin to spin water in a glass with a spoon, the virial theorem requires that additional hydrogen bonds arise between the water molecules (due to the restoration of previously broken ones), as if the temperature of the water were lowered. And the emergence of additional bonds should be accompanied by the emission of bond energy. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the energy of each of which is usually 0,2-0,5 eV, correspond to infrared radiation with such photon energy. So it would be interesting to look at the process of spinning water through a night vision device (the simplest experiment, but no one has carried it out!). But you won't get that much heat. And you will not be able to heat the water to a temperature greater than that to which it would be heated due to the friction of its flow against the walls of the glass with the gradual transformation of the kinetic energy of its rotation into heat. Because when the water stops rotating, the hydrogen bonds that have arisen during its unwinding will immediately begin to break, for which the heat of the same water will be spent. It will look as if the water is spontaneously cooling without exchanging heat with the environment. It can be said that as the spinning of water accelerates, its specific heat capacity decreases, and as the rotation slows down, it increases to a normal value. In this case, the water temperature in the first case rises, and in the second case it decreases without changing the heat content in the water. If only this mechanism worked in Potapov's heat generator, we would not have received a tangible release of additional heat from it. In order for additional energy to appear, not only short-term hydrogen bonds, but also some long-term ones must arise in water. Which? Interatomic bonds that ensure the unification of atoms into molecules can be immediately excluded from consideration, because no new molecules seem to appear in the water of the heat generator. It remains to hope for nuclear bonds between the nucleons of the nuclei of atoms in water. We must assume that cold nuclear fusion reactions take place in the water of the vortex heat generator. Why are nuclear reactions possible at room temperature? The reason lies in hydrogen bonds. The H2O water molecule consists of an oxygen atom bound by covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. With such a bond, the electron of the hydrogen atom most of the time is between the oxygen atom and the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. Therefore, the latter is not covered from the opposite side by an electron cloud, but partially exposed. Because of this, the water molecule has, as it were, two positively charged bumps on its surface, which determine the enormous polarizability of water molecules. In liquid water, its neighboring molecules are attracted to each other due to the fact that the negatively charged region of one molecule is attracted to the positively charged tubercle of the other. In this case, the nucleus of the hydrogen atom - the proton begins to belong to both molecules at once, which determines the hydrogen bond. L. Pauling in the 30s showed that a proton on a hydrogen bond now and then jumps from one position allowed to it to another with a jump frequency of 104 1/s. In this case, the distance between positions is only 0,7 A [2]. But not all hydrogen bonds in water have only one proton each. When the structure of water is perturbed, a proton can be knocked out of a hydrogen bond and is transferred to a neighboring one. As a result, on some bonds (called orientational defects) two protons appear simultaneously, occupying both allowed positions with a distance of 0,7 A between them. To bring protons in an ordinary plasma closer to such distances, it would be necessary to heat the plasma up to millions of degrees Celsius. And the density of orientationally defective hydrogen bonds in ordinary water is about 1015 cm-3 [2]. At such a high density, nuclear reactions between protons on hydrogen bonds should proceed at a rather high rate. But in a glass of still water, such reactions, as is known, do not occur, otherwise the deuterium content in natural water would be much higher than the amount that actually exists (0,015%). Astrophysicists believe that the reaction of combining two hydrogen atoms into one deuterium atom is impossible, as it is prohibited by conservation laws. But the reaction of the formation of deuterium from two hydrogen atoms and an electron seems to be not prohibited, but in plasma the probability of a simultaneous collision of such particles is very small. In our case, two protons on the same hydrogen bond sometimes collide (the electrons necessary for such a reaction are always available in the form of electron clouds). But under normal conditions, such reactions do not occur in water, because their implementation requires a parallel orientation of the spins of both protons, because the spin of the resulting deuterium is equal to one. The parallel orientation of the spins of two protons on the same hydrogen bond is forbidden by the Pauli principle. To carry out the reaction of formation of deuterium, it is necessary to flip the spin of one of the protons. Such a spin flip is carried out with the help of torsion fields (fields of rotation) that appear during the vortex motion of water in the vortex tube of the Potapov heat generator. The phenomenon of changing the direction of spins of elementary particles by torsion fields was predicted by the theory developed by G.I.Shipov [3] and is already widely used in a number of technical applications [4]. Thus, in Potapov's heat generator a number of nuclear reactions are taking place, stimulated by torsion fields. The question arises whether radiation harmful to people does not appear during the operation of the heat generator. Our experiments described in [1] showed that the ionization dose during operation of the 5-kilowatt Yusmar2 heat generator on ordinary water is only 12–16 μR/h. This is 1,5-2 times higher than the natural background, but 3 times lower than the maximum allowable dose established by the NRB87 radiation safety standards for the population not associated with ionizing radiation in their professional activities. But even this negligible radiation with a vertical arrangement of the vortex tube of the heat generator with a hot end to the bottom goes into the ground, and not to the sides where people can be found. These measurements also revealed that the radiation comes mainly from the zone of the braking device located at the hot end of the vortex tube. This suggests that nuclear reactions apparently take place in cavitation bubbles and caverns, which are born when water flows around the edges of the braking device. The resonant amplification of the sound vibrations of the water column in the vortex tube leads to periodic compression and expansion of the steam-gas cavity. When compressed, high pressures and temperatures can develop in it, at which nuclear reactions should proceed more intensively than at room temperature and normal pressure. So cold fusion may actually turn out to be not quite cold, but locally hot. But all the same, it does not occur in plasma, but on the hydrogen bonds of water. You can read more about this in [1]. The intensity of nuclear reactions during the operation of the Potapov heat generator on ordinary water is low, therefore, the ionization created by the ionizing radiation emanating from it is close to the background one. Therefore, these radiations are difficult to detect and identify, which may raise doubts about the correctness of the above ideas. Doubts disappear when approximately 1% of heavy (deuterium) water is added to the water supplied to the vortex tube of the heat generator. Such experiments described in [5] showed that the intensity of neutron radiation in a vortex tube increases significantly and exceeds the background intensity by a factor of 2–3. The appearance of tritium in such a working fluid was also registered, as a result of which the activity of the working fluid increased by 20% compared to that which it had before turning on the heat generator [5]. All this suggests that Potapov's heat generator is a working industrial reactor of cold nuclear fusion, the possibility of which physicists have been arguing to the point of hoarseness for 10 years now. While they were arguing, Yu.S. Potapov created it and put it into industrial production. And such a reactor appeared just in time when the energy crisis caused by the lack of conventional fuel is aggravated every year, and the ever-increasing scale of burning organic fuels leads to atmospheric pollution and overheating due to the "greenhouse effect", which can lead to an environmental disaster. Potapov's heat generator gives hope to humanity to quickly overcome these difficulties. In conclusion, it should be added that the simplicity of the Potapov heat generator encouraged many to make attempts to put such or a similar heat generator into production without acquiring a license from the patent owner. There were especially many such attempts in Ukraine. But all of them ended in failure, because, firstly, the heat generator has "know-how", without knowing which it is impossible to achieve the desired heat output. Secondly, the design is so well protected by Potapov's patent that it is almost impossible to circumvent it, just as no one managed to circumvent Singer's patent for "a machine that sews with a needle with a thread hole at its tip." It's easier to buy a license, for which Yu.S. Potapov asks for only 15 thousand USD, and use the inventor's advice when setting up the production of his heat generators that can help Ukraine solve the heat and power problem. References:
Author: L.P.Fominsky Answers to reader questions The editors of "RE" reported that my article "Potapov's heat generator - a working cold fusion reactor", published in the journal No. 1 for 2001, received many questions from readers, and kindly sent me a letter from one of them - V. Matyushkin from Drogobych. The reader specifically asks: “I ask you to explain why such a low level of radioactive radiation from the YUSMAR Potapov heat generator, if there are nuclear reactions in it, giving a heat release of ~ 5 kW? The author writes that there is a reaction P + P + e → d + γ + νe (1) But the reaction is much more likely P + P → d + e+ +νe(2) since it does not require a third particle (electron). The resulting positrons annihilate with electrons (of the surrounding matter) with the emission of hard γ quanta with an energy of about 1 MeV. As a result, both reactions are accompanied by intense γ-radiation." Further, the author of the letter calculates that with a heat generator power of 5 kW, the activity of its working zone should reach 10 Curie. At the same time, the dose rate near the heat generator, in his opinion, should reach 3,6x105 R/hour. This is millions of times higher than the maximum allowable by the current radiation safety standards! The author of the letter does the right thing when he asks "What's the matter?", and does not rush, on the basis of his calculations, to indiscriminately blacken the YUSMAR heat generator and its creators, as some do. Alas, most readers of the journal do not know nuclear physics very well. So V. Matyushkin, in the very first lines of his letter, makes a mistake in the nuclear reaction equation (1) he wrote, the authorship of which he attributes to me. We will talk about this error below. But equation (2) the author of the letter wrote correctly. It was this nuclear reaction that astrophysicists pinned their hopes on, half a century ago, they described the hydrogen and carbon cycles of thermonuclear reactions that allegedly take place in the bowels of the Sun and lead to the release of heat. As a result of these cycles, hydrogen is converted into helium. Both cycles included known nuclear reactions of interaction of deuterons d (nuclei 2 D atoms of the heavy isotope of hydrogen - deuterium) either among themselves or with protons, well studied in laboratories. But for a long time, astrophysicists could not figure out where the initial deuterium necessary for these reactions comes from on the Sun. Finally, they wrote a hypothetical nuclear reaction (2), which no one has ever observed in terrestrial laboratories. And no wonder - after all, it is forbidden three times by known conservation laws! Nevertheless, astrophysicists hoped that in the depths of the Sun, where there is a lot of hydrogen, such a forbidden reaction sometimes still happens, as sometimes a pedestrian crosses the street on a red traffic light. The energy yield of this reaction, 0,93 MeV, is not so great by nuclear standards, but subsequent chains of other nuclear reactions involving deuterium formed as a result of reaction (2) could increase the heat output figure by a factor of 10. And now let's transfer the positron symbol e + from the right side to the left side in the nuclear reaction equation ( 2 ). Such a transfer, according to the rules of "nuclear algebra", must be accompanied by the replacement of a positron by an electron. As a result, we get: P + P + e → d + ve. (3) This is the nuclear reaction involving three initial particles - two protons and an electron, which, in our opinion, takes place both in the Potapov heat generator and on the Sun. In this reaction, none of the known conservation laws is violated, and therefore such a nuclear reaction should immediately begin when the three indicated particles collide. In contrast to the incorrect equation (1) written by V. Matyushkin, the symbol of the γ-quantum does not appear in our equation (3). That is, our nuclear reaction (3) is not accompanied by dangerous γ-radiation, which the author of the cited letter so frightened. But why have astrophysicists never written about this reaction? Yes, because they focused on thermonuclear reactions taking place in a high-temperature plasma. And in it the probability of a collision of three particles is so small that thermonuclear scientists neglect such collisions. But in chemistry, where the temperatures of the reactants are much lower, three-body collisions are no longer neglected. Moreover, many chemical processes (for example, catalytic) are based precisely on three-particle collisions. There is no thermonuclear plasma in Potapov's heat generator, it is filled with ordinary water. Only in cavitation bubbles can short-term temperature jumps occur there. Yu.S. and I Potapov suggested in the book [1], which can be found in Kiev libraries, that nuclear reactions (3) proceed on orientationally defective hydrogen bonds between water molecules when these molecules enter the nonequilibrium conditions of a cavitation bubble. If there is only one proton on ordinary hydrogen bonds, then there are two on orientation-defect bonds, and the distance between them is only 0,7 A. In order to bring protons repelling each other with their positive charges closer in plasma, thermonuclear temperatures are required, at which some of the many ions during their thermal motion are accelerated to velocities sufficient to overcome such a Coulomb barrier. But in our case, high temperatures are no longer needed. And the third particle - the electron is always at hand here, because all this happens in the electron clouds of atoms that make up water molecules. So there are no problems for three-body collisions in our case. And the number of orientational-defect bonds in water is, as physical chemists found out back in the 50s, 1015 - 1016 in every milliliter of water. This is the maximum intensity with which a nuclear reaction (3) could proceed if all such three-body collisions ended in it. Alas, this does not happen in a glass of water, because then today there would be no ordinary water left on Earth - all of it would turn into heavy (deuterium) water. It turns out that for the implementation of the unforbidden nuclear reaction (3), one more condition is required - the mutual parallel orientation of the spins of the two protons P entering into this nuclear reaction. For the spin of the resulting deuteron is equal to h, and the spin of the original proton is 1/2h. With a mutually parallel orientation of the spins of the initial protons, the sum of these spins is equal to one, and with an antiparallel orientation, it is equal to zero. But two protons can only be in the same hydrogen bond when their spins are antiparallel. This is required by the Pauli principle, which forbids two fermions (and protons are fermions) to be in the same place in the same quantum states. It is required to flip the spin of one of the protons on the hydrogen bond. But as soon as we turn it over, the protons immediately begin to scatter from each other - the Pauli exclusion principle works. One of my teachers at Novosibirsk University is acad. G. I. Budker, the author of the "magnetic bottle" for holding plasma and the person who was the first in the world to implement the idea of colliding beams of elementary particles, I remember, liked to say that when we drive a nail into a wall, and the wall resists, then the Pauli exclusion principle ultimately works here. Protons on a hydrogen bond will begin to scatter, repelling each other, but not immediately - because they have inertia. And so, if in this brief moment, while they have not yet scattered, some external fluctuation will force them to collide, then a nuclear reaction will begin (3). The necessary fluctuations in the Potapov heat generator are created by shock waves during cavitation. But the spins of protons turn in the direction we need, apparently, the torsion fields generated by the rotation of water in the vortex flow of Potapov's heat generator. Torsion fields, about which so much controversy has flared up in recent years, it turns out that they still exist and work successfully. I think that the disputes around torsion fields were due to the lack of a fairly simple theory of these fields. When a theorist, for example, G. I. Shipov [2], deduces equations of torsion fields, starting from Einstein's general theory of relativity, he usually obtains pages of a hundred multi-level formulas that few people understand. In the book [1], I managed to present the theory of torsion fields on only two pages with three or four relatively simple formulas. Now the opponents of the idea of torsion fields will no longer be able to oppose these formulas. If anyone is especially interested in this, read the book [1]. Better yet, my new book [2001] published in Cherkassy back in January 3, in which all this is described in detail. The last book is addressed to simple engineers who are not very versed in theories, but who want to understand how the Potapov heat generator works. There are only 112 pages in it. If someone does not find this book in the libraries - let him contact the author by letter or by phone - I will send it by mail. But let's get back to nuclear reactions in Potapov's heat generator. It is clear that after the imposition of all the above conditions, the intensity of the nuclear reaction (3) in the vortex tube of the heat generator is not so high. And the heat output from this reaction is negligible. Indeed, as a result of this reaction, only two particles are formed - a deuteron and a neutrino νe . The released reaction energy - 1,953 MeV is distributed between these particles. But the neutrino, being a practically massless particle, flies at the speed of light. But there is a law of conservation of momentum of a system of bodies. According to this law, the recoil momentum of the gun when fired must be equal to the momentum of the bullet flying out of the gun. The heavier the gun and the lighter the bullet, the less recoil. So here - the momentum of the recoil nucleus (deuteron) in reaction (3) must be equal to the momentum carried away by the neutrino. But the mass of the neutrino is almost zero, and the mass of the deuteron is hoo much greater than it. So it turns out that the recoil rate with which the deuteron flies out of the nuclear reaction zone is quite small. Calculations show that it corresponds to a deuteron kinetic energy of only 1 keV. It's only 5x10-2 % of the energy released as a result of a nuclear reaction (3). The rest of the reaction energy (more than the "lion's share") is carried away by neutrinos. It freely slips through any walls of the vehicles, moreover, through the entire thickness of the Earth and flies into the endless expanses of outer space. So the energy that remains in the water of the heat generator together with the born deuterons cannot warm the water. But the benefit of this nuclear reaction is that as a result of it, deuterons appear, which then (again on the same hydrogen bonds and again with the help of the same torsion fields) enter into other nuclear reactions, in which the neutrino no longer carries away most of the reaction energy, and the latter goes already to heat the water. Before turning to the question of what kind of nuclear reactions these are, let's go back to V. Matyushkin's letter. He writes: "... The synthesis of deuterons should lead to the formation of either Hе, or T. As a result, the amount of each of these gases at such an intensity of synthesis reactions, as in the Potapov installation, would reach ~ 22,4 liters in 3 - 5 months. Observation of this effect - the decomposition of water into gases - can serve as experimental confirmation that nuclear fusion really occurs. Have such experiments been carried out? This time the reader has correctly pointed out which products of nuclear reactions can be obtained when deuterons enter into the reactions. Physicists who have been trying in the last 10 years to implement cold nuclear fusion have sought to combine two deuterons to obtain the nucleus of an atom of helium-3 or tritium XNUMXT through the following nuclear reactions: 2D+ 2D → 3Нe + n + 3,26 MeV, (4) 2D+ 2D → 3T + p + 4,03 MeV. (5) Such reactions were sometimes indeed observed, but much less likely than desired. At the same time, for some reason, it certainly turned out that the yield of nuclei of tritium atoms is 7-8 orders of magnitude greater than the yield of nuclei of helium-4 atoms and neutrons, although the probability of each of the reactions (5) and (10) according to all the canons of nuclear physics should be the same. The mystery of such asymmetry has been tormenting physicists for XNUMX years and still has not found an explanation. Although the circumstance that predominantly tritium is produced, and not neutrons, should only please: after all, neutron irradiation is even more terrible than γ-irradiation. And tritium is of little danger, because it decays rather slowly (half-life is 12 years). When physicists puzzled over the mystery of the absence of neutrons in cold fusion, they forgot that heavy water, even at high concentrations, consists predominantly of DOH molecules, not D2O. And in natural waters, DOH molecules in 104 times more than molecules D2O [4]. Therefore, even in highly concentrated heavy water, collisions of the nuclei of deuterium atoms with the nuclei of protium atoms (protons) occur in 104 times more often than with the nuclei of deuterium atoms. And in dilute heavy water, this ratio is even higher. Therefore, we first of all consider the following three-body nuclear reaction 2D+ 1H + e → 3T + ve + 5,98 MeV, (6) going again on orientationally defective hydrogen bonds. This reaction, which no physicist has ever thought of, has no prohibitions. And even torsion fields are not needed to stimulate it. For the initial proton and deuteron that enter into reaction (6) are particles of different types, and therefore the Pauli exclusion principle does not work in this case, and these particles can be on the same hydrogen bond even for any mutual orientation of their spins. That is why the yield of tritium in cold fusion reactions is much greater than the yield of neutrons! Has the decade-long mystery finally been solved?! But the neutrino that is born during the nuclear reaction (6) again takes the lion's share of the energy of this reaction into outer space. This reaction will also not warm the water. True, there is another well-known [5] nuclear reaction that deuterons can enter into: 2D+ 1H → 3He + γ + 5,49 MeV, (7) It also does not lead to the emission of neutrons. But the energy of this reaction is no longer carried away by the neutrino, but is released in the form of hard γ-radiation. The reader will exclaim: well, this should lead precisely to the danger of radiation exposure, which V. Matyushkin pointed out! Do not rush to conclusions. The point is that the nuclear reaction (7) violates the parity conservation law. This means that this is a very slow reaction and does not happen as often as we would like to significantly increase the thermal output of the Potapov vortex heat generator. Nevertheless, the presence of this nuclear reaction in the vortex tube of the Potapov heat generator was registered by us experimentally from the hard γ-radiation generated by it with an energy of γ-quanta of 5 MeV [1]. Only this radiation is observed only from one end of the vortex tube of the heat generator and is directed strictly along its axis. In [1,3, 7] we explain this by the fact that the spins of the deuteron and proton entering into this reaction are oriented by the torsion field along the axis of the vortex tube. And then the law of conservation of angular momentum requires that the γ quanta generated by reaction (XNUMX) also radiate in this direction. The experimentally revealed axial directivity in one direction of radiation generated in nuclear reactions can be considered not only another manifestation of parity nonconservation, previously unknown to science, but also proof of the correctness of the ideas about the orienting effect of torsion fields on the spins of elementary particles. This is also proof of the existence of torsion fields, about which there have been so many disputes. So, the nuclear reaction (7) also cannot make a big contribution to the production of excess heat in a vortex heat generator. But it, with its asymmetry of γ-radiation, prompted us to think that nuclear reactions (3) and (6) when the spins of the "reagents" entering into these reactions are oriented by the torsion field of the vortex tube should give rise to neutrinos, which also fly out only in one direction along the axis of the vortex tube. And if the intensity of the nuclear reaction (7) is limited, then the reactions (3) and (6) do not have such restrictions. Based on the results of experiments with adding heavy water to the working fluid of the Potapov heat generator described in [6], in which the tritium yield was measured, we concluded in [3] that when this heat generator is operated on ordinary water, the tritium production rate is ~109 atoms/s. But neutrons appear in the radiation of a heat generator only when heavy water is added to its working fluid. Such experiments, described in [6], showed that the neutron yield begins to exceed the natural background when the addition of heavy water reaches 300 ml per 10 l of ordinary water. In this case, the intensity of the registered neutron flux from the heat generator is ~ 0,1 s-1. It's at 1011 times less than the intensity of the production of nuclei of tritium atoms in the same heat generator. This result once again confirms the ratio of triton yield to neutron yield known from many other experiments on cold nuclear fusion [7]. In our case, neutrons can appear only as a result of a nuclear reaction (4), the intensity of which is negligibly low at a low concentration of deuterium in water. Therefore, Potapov's heat generator, when operating on ordinary water, is absolutely safe in relation to neutron irradiation. The foregoing shows that the yields of those nuclear reactions that we have considered are clearly not enough to ensure the appearance of the amount of excess heat that Potapov's heat generator provides. But dozens of other nuclear reactions that can occur in a vortex heat generator between the deuterons formed and the nuclei of oxygen, metal, carbon and other chemical elements present in water in the form of dissolved impurities, as well as in structural materials of heat generator parts subject to cavitation wear, have not been considered. V. Matyushkin is right when he notes in his letter that experimental measurements of the yields of such reactions are a rather delicate matter. A small private firm Yu.S. Potapov, to carry out the entire range of research necessary in order to find answers to all these questions, of course, is beyond his power. It has long been necessary to involve academic institutions in these works, but they are all slow, they apparently do not need free heat, they think that they will continue to parasitize on the neck of the state, not fulfilling their tasks. Yu.S. Potapov, thank God, found answers to the most important questions: that his heat generator generates more thermal energy than the electric motor of this heat generator consumes, and that ionizing radiation from the heat generator does not exceed the dose rate allowed by the current radiation safety standards. References:
Author: L. P. Fominsky
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