Tips for soldering. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Tips for soldering. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Ham Radio Technologies

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SOLDERING OF ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS

To the well-known methods of soldering aluminum, I propose to add one more, very simple one. The cleaned and degreased soldering place is covered with a soldering iron with a thin layer of rosin, and then immediately rubbed with an analgin (benalgin) tablet. After that, the surface is tinned with POS-50 solder (or close to it), pressing the tip of a slightly overheated soldering iron against it with little effort. From the tinned place, the flux residues are washed off with acetone, gently warmed up again and the flux is washed off again. Soldering of parts is carried out in the usual way.

Author: A. Glotov p. Galievka, Voronezh region

PROTECTION AGAINST "BURNING" OF THE SOLDERING IRON

The soldering iron rod, after a short operation, is wedged in the heater tube so that it is sometimes impossible to remove it for replacement. To prevent this from happening, I use a very simple trick: before using the soldering iron, I take out the rod and rub its surface (except for the tip) with a soft, simple pencil lead.

Graphite coating should be renewed after each dismantling of the rod. The graphite layer to a certain extent reduces the formation of scale on the open surface of the rod.

Author: A. Brumma Leningrad

FEATURES OF INSTALLATION OF MOSFET TRANSISTORS

When mounting transistors and microcircuits, MOS technology usually recommends the use of grounding wrist straps. In cases where such a bracelet is not applicable for some reason, I use this technique. On the handle of the soldering iron I strengthen the brass petal, securely connected to its body. I hold the soldering iron in my hand, touching the petal, and with the other hand, with the help of tweezers, I touch the soldered output. Thus, the potentials at the output of the part and the soldering iron are equalized through the current-limiting resistance of the body. The soldering iron must be low-voltage, it must be connected to the network through a step-down transformer with reliable insulation between the windings.

Author: S. Kurushin, Perm

Tinning of terminals P2K

A simple device, described below, makes it possible to significantly facilitate and speed up the maintenance of the leads, for example, of such nodes as the P2K switch before installing it on the board. From sheet copper with a thickness of 0.2 ... 0,5 mm, a strip 60 ... 80 mm long and 3 ... 5 mm wide is cut. One of the ends of the strip is cleaned on both sides by 15 mm, tinned and bent into a ring on a mandrel with a diameter of about 1,3 mm. The second end of the strip is fixed in a wooden handle.

Heat the tinned part of the device with a soldering iron and fill it with solder. Fixing the switch in a vise like this. so that the leads are directed downwards, put a ring heated by a soldering iron on the lead and move along the contact until it is completely covered with solder.

Before tinning, it is advisable to moisten the conclusions with a 30% aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide (it is sold in photographic stores). When using an alcohol rosin flux, care must be taken to ensure that excess flux does not penetrate the inside of the switch through the gap between the terminal and the body.

Author: A. Mitsura Kharkov

PROTECTION OF THE SOLDERING IRON FROM BURNING

Usually the exposed surface of the soldering iron rod is quickly covered with a loose layer of oxide. Over time, because of this, the rod becomes thinner, the surface becomes uneven. To protect the rod from burning, it must be coated with a thin layer of a mixture of silicate glue and dry mineral paint (iron, zinc, magnesium oxides).

Before turning on the soldering iron, the coating must be dried well, otherwise the glue will foam and the coating will crumble.

TERMINATION OF THE SOLDERING IRON CORD

Often, in the process of using a soldering iron, the cord conductors break off at the exit from the handle. It is difficult to repair such a cord, since its ends protruding from the handle turn out to be too short, and attempts to pull them out inevitably lead to a break in the heater leads. All sorts of safety rubber tubes and springs inserted into the handle do not save the cord conductors from breaking, only delaying this moment.

However, there is an old way to avoid these difficulties, and we especially recommend it to inexperienced radio amateurs. Immediately after buying a soldering iron, its cord at a point 5 ... 8 cm away from the handle is bent 180 °, the resulting loop is folded onto the handle and wound with several turns of adhesive tape. If now a break occurs in the cord, the loop is released, the connection of the conductors is easily restored by twisting or, even better, by soldering, the repair site is isolated, and the loop is again wound to the handle.

Author: L. Lomakin, Moscow; Publication: N. Bolshakov, rf.atnn.ru

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Final specifications of 5G standard announced 12.01.2018

The 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project) Consortium of Mobile Telephony Specification Developers has unveiled the new NSA 5G NR standard, Release 15, at its quarterly plenary meeting in Lisbon, Portugal.

The 5G NR standard (5th generation, new radio - New Radio) is approved by all members of the global community of telecommunications companies 3GPP.

Earlier this year, the telecommunications industry gave its approval for the accelerated standardization of 5G, for which it was decided to split the process into two phases. The announcement of a non-standalone version of Release 15 NSA (Non-standalone) became a priority.

The release, in fact, was the announcement of the completion of the first phase of 5G standardization, which is considered the most important for developers and equipment manufacturers.

Acceptance of the full specifications of Release 15 Full (with autonomous characteristics) has been postponed to 2018, tentatively to June. As part of this version of the standard, the use of user and control autonomous 5G NR equipment with base stations of the 5G generation (5G next-generation core network, NGC) will be ensured.

Since the standalone and non-standalone (SA and NSA) releases are based on the same physical layer characteristics, it is expected that NSA equipment will be fully compatible with SA technology when it is standardized next year.

The so-called non-autonomous NSA (Non-standalone) 5G mode normalizes the use of enhanced mobile broadband access (enhanced Mobile BroadBand, eMBB) in LTE networks.

In turn, the 5G NR standard implies the use of new frequency bands that provide an increase in data exchange speed while reducing latency. It is this mode that was developed as a foundation for the first years of development and implementation of 5G networks.

The final 5G specifications describe support for multiple frequency spectrums for next-generation mobile networks. The low frequency spectrum includes frequencies in the range of 600-700 MHz. The midrange spectrum includes frequencies in the 3,5 GHz band. The high-frequency spectrum is located in the region of the 50 GHz band.

Officially, data exchange rates for user devices are standardized at up to 20 Gbps for reception and 10 Gbps for transmissions, while the 5G network must maintain a load of at least 500 subscriber connections per square kilometer.

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