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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING What can be found with a metal detector? Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / metal detectors Until you have worked with a metal detector yourself, it is hard to believe how numerous and varied the objects found in the ground are. Below is a brief list of the main groups of objects that you may encounter during the search. Coins These are the most common finds. Trade in Ancient Rus' first used coins of the Arab East (VI-X centuries), then Byzantine and Tatar coins. Russian sovereignty. From the middle of the XII century. until the end of the XNUMXth century. coins disappeared from Russian markets. Silver was used as money in the form of ingots.
New Russian coins after the coinless period began to be minted in the 80s. XNUMXth century In Moscow under the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy and in the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod under Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich. Since that time, Western European coins began to appear in circulation in Rus'. The most ancient coins are found in the Krasnodar Territory and in the Crimea. Many of them are well preserved, despite the fact that they have lain in the ground for more than 2000 years. Many modern coins can be found on beaches and parks. Crosses, serpentines, icons In ancient Rus', crosses were an obligatory accessory for every Christian. Crosses differed in their types and purpose. The most common are crosses. Western travelers who visited Russia in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries wrote that Russians wear the cross all the time until their death. Therefore, throughout Russia you will not find a single man or woman who does not have a cross on them. Encolpion crosses are much less common. These are folding double-leaf pectoral crosses with a movable head, designed to store relics or other shrines. Such crosses were worn over clothes by people of a noble family.
Rice. 2. Pectoral crosses X-XII centuries.
It is known that peasants have long worn, along with a cross on their chests, copper serpentine icons, which were credited with "miraculous power to quench suffering" when applied to sore spots. Occasionally, metal icons can be found, which, like encolpions, were worn over clothes. They can be one-sided, two-sided, two- and three-leaf (folding). Travelers of the XNUMXth century in Russia, it was noted that all warriors, without exception, certainly have a beautiful image on their chest in the form of a triple fold, with which they never part and, wherever they stop, put it in a conspicuous place and worship it. Often there are also pagan amulets, most often lunnitsa. Buckles, buttons, fasteners, belt details The finds of this group of objects are very numerous, since they were widely used from the Bronze Age to the present. They were usually made of bronze, copper, iron, less often - silver and gold. A very wide variety of styles - from very simple to very refined, with enamel and intricate ornamentation. Various belt buckles and pads. Some of them served only for decoration, others played the practical role of hooks to which various necessary items were attached.
Rice. 4. Buckles X-XVII centuries. Rare but expensive finds include Scandinavian brooches (clasps), often very decorative. More simple, Finno-Ugric, brooches are quite common in some places. Of great interest to collectors are buttons from military uniforms of the 11th-XNUMXth centuries. Weapons, tools, household items Of the weapons, arrowheads are most often found, the variety of types of which never ceases to amaze. Spearheads, axes, swords and daggers are found less frequently. Findings of knives, flints, locks, keys are not uncommon. Ancient bronze items (axes, knives, daggers, arrowheads, etc.) are best preserved. Unfortunately, ironwork is often highly corroded, especially if found in fields that were once abundantly fertilized. True, some specimens, apparently having been on fire, look like new and do not require any restoration. In addition, there are large fishing hooks, spoons, jewelry tools - drills, engravers, chasers, hammers, pliers, etc.
Rice. 5. Household items of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. (locks, keys, knives, needles, armchairs, etc.) Jewelry Jewelry is mostly associated with women, and in ancient times, women were just as willing to wear jewelry as they are now. Rings, brooches, pendants, bracelets, various pendants, earrings, beads that can be found date from the Bronze Age to the present. Most of them are made of copper, bronze, silver and are often gilded, decorated with stones, glass, enamel or granulation. There is a wide variety of styles, forms, manufacturing techniques.
Occasionally there are pendants-amulets in the form of miniature hatchets, spoons, knives, keys, various birds and animals. A variety of very common decorations - bells. They were used as decorative details of the costume, but could also serve as buttons. Horse harness elements These are mainly buckles of various sizes for tightening and adjusting harness straps, as well as bits, stirrups and decorative trims for horse harness. As a rule, they were made of bronze, but sometimes of blackened silver. Bits, stirrups, horseshoes were forged from iron Tokens, badges, awards In some places, tokens were seen as an unofficial means of payment, as a means of advertising and political propaganda. There are quite a lot of different tokens within Moscow. Occasionally, so-called official signs come across - these are various kinds of plaques or pendants worn on clothes while the owner is performing official duties. As a rule, the official badge bore an explanatory inscription - the name of the position, for example, "Senior janitor" or "Fire chief". Badges are another group of commonly found finds. Of interest are military badges, as well as military and sports awards. native metals Native metals are metals that occur naturally in nature. Despite the fact that a large number of different native metals are known (aluminum, lead, copper, arsenic, bismuth, nickel, iron, tungsten, mercury, etc.), we are most interested in gold, silver, platinum, copper and iron. Man has been searching for precious metals for centuries. But now, with the advent of metal detectors, this activity is experiencing a new upsurge.
Rice. 7. Gold nugget weighing 2670, found in 2006 in Australia using a metal detector The number of new surface deposits and placers is small, but there is more than enough gold in the worked-out areas and it is quite accessible for artisanal mining. Each mine, as a rule, contains lost and unaccounted for gold, the content of which can reach up to 70% of the total amount of gold in the deposit. Meteorites Sometimes you may come across a meteorite - a stone that fell from the sky. Meteorites are iron, iron-stone and stone. The metal detector responds to the first two types. In appearance, it is difficult for a non-specialist to determine whether it is a meteorite or not. Therefore, suspicious stones should be shown to the employees of the Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences or the Institute of GEOKHI RAS.
However, there are many places on the territory of Russia where, having found such a stone, there is no doubt about its origin. The most interesting meteorite fell on February 12, 1947 in the Sikhote-Alin mountains in the Far East. It was a block of iron weighing about 100 tons (the size of a minibus), which exploded several times in the air and rained fire on a huge area (5x25 km). Most of the fall site has been declared a reserve, but a significant area where meteorites are found is outside the reserve, and the law does not prohibit their collection there. Another meteor shower fell about 20 years ago in Tuva. Due to the high nickel content (up to 16%), these meteorites practically did not oxidize during this time. Most recently (2002), meteorites were found in the fields of the Ryazan region. With the help of metal detectors in the summer of 2003, about 1000 kg were collected. Individual specimens are also found in other places. So when searching for coins and relics, you should pay attention to black or rusty stones that the metal detector reacts to. Enthusiasts go for meteorites to the Arabian Peninsula. There, in the deserts of Oman, several hundred new and very rare meteorites have been found in recent years, in particular from the Moon and Mars. The cost of the latter on the market ranges from 2000 to 10 US dollars per 000 gram. Treasures Very rarely, quite by accident, lucky people stumble upon treasures and suddenly become rich. Others, on the contrary, spend years and a lot of money searching, but find nothing. With the advent of metal detectors, treasures are being found more and more often. Basically, these are coin treasures of the XV-XVIII centuries. There were no banks in those days, so the land was considered the best place to store money and other valuables. It happened that the owners of the treasure died and did not return for their hidden wealth, which remained in the ground. Such treasures come across anywhere - in the field, on the banks of rivers, in the forest, in cemeteries, in caves, etc.
Rice. 9. Treasure of coins of the XNUMXth century. (from the collection of B. Ershov) Recently, a treasure of scientific importance was found in a field near the village of Volnino, Vladimir Region. The hoard contained 318 coins from the first quarter of the 5000th century. (the time of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily the Dark). The State Historical Museum purchased the treasure for $1796. Many hoards of copper five-kopeck coins of the 200th century are found. The fact is that in 1500 paper banknotes were introduced. It was money with a forced rate, and very soon they depreciated. Peasants began to bury copper. Usually in treasures there are from 30 to 000 nickels. A huge hoard of nickels, containing about XNUMX coins, was found near Smolensk. military relics In places of intense fighting of the XX century. the land is stuffed with various objects of interest to collectors. Firstly, this is military equipment - tanks, planes, vehicles. At one time they got bogged down in swamps, drowned at crossings, were abandoned in impenetrable forests, etc. Groups of enthusiasts find such objects, dig them out of the ground, pull them out of the water, restore them and install them in museums of military glory.
Rice. 10. Buttons and other items found near Sevastopol on the battlefields of 1854-1856. In addition, during the search, they find weapons, ammunition, staff safes, helmets, uniform parts, military awards, pupils, identification badges, pencil cases, etc. When searching in battlefields, the danger should not be underestimated. It is not recommended to pick up and neutralize the found ammunition, knock on it, saw through it, throw it into the fire. It is necessary to report such finds to the nearest police station and wait for the arrival of sappers. Non-ferrous metals of industrial production With the collapse of the USSR and a slowdown in the pace of work at a number of mines, the industry is experiencing an acute shortage of non-ferrous metals - copper, manganese, titanium, niobium, vanadium, chromium, lead, etc. using metal detectors. So, in the territories of abandoned military units, copper cables, lead, and silver are found. Ferrochrome and ferromanganese, stainless steel and brass waste are collected in landfills and old causeways in the Urals. Other
Rice. 11. Typical beach finds In addition, you can find wrist and pocket watches (sometimes gold), glasses, cigarette cases, lighters, locks, keys, thimbles, boxes for pills and snuff, penknives, wrenches and screwdrivers, children's toys, bullets, cartridge cases, stamps 1 th department, whistles, bells, lead seals, tweezers, weights, fishing weights and hooks, irons, taps and handles from samovars, spoons, knives, forks, etc. Along with the above items, you will have to dig up (especially in the first two weeks of searching) a lot of unwanted finds, which include nails, small-caliber rifle shells, shotgun shells, candy and cigarette foil, bottle caps, can pull tabs and the cans themselves. from under beer and water, pieces of wire, old batteries and many other similar metal debris. Modern metal detectors have discriminators that allow you to cut off such garbage and not waste time and effort on digging it out, however, even after gaining experience, you still have to dig up some garbage. Otherwise, you may miss valuable finds. Author: Bulgak L.V.
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Comments on the article: Anna I like it. Ilya I have a buckle picture 4 3 picture Sergei fig. 5 the opposite object to the extreme hook is the key to the SVT-40 ... the peasants took it apart around the world)))))
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