Garland switching controllers on the Z8 microcontroller

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Garland switching controllers on the Z8 microcontroller. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Microcontrollers

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One of the most beloved and anticipated holidays in our country, of course, is the New Year. And what a New Year without a Christmas tree or festive light illumination! However, cheap dynamic light devices supplied to the Russian market in large quantities from the countries of Southeast Asia are not designed for switching fairly powerful loads and are not distinguished by high reliability and a variety of realized effects. But what if you want to make a hand-made garland, made up of ordinary incandescent lamps, or the Duralight light cord, which is available everywhere today, shimmer? In such cases, the "Cross" garland controller will help you, capable of switching relatively powerful light loads in accordance with the algorithms "stitched" in the PROM of its MK. Two types of the device are described below: "Cross-chasing", designed to implement algorithms associated with interrupting the glow of loads, and "Cross-chameleon", which, in addition, can operate in the modes of smoothly changing the brightness of the glow of the lamps.

Main technical characteristics of the device: supply voltage - 220 V ± 20%, number of lines - 2, load current of each channel - up to 0,7 A (150 W), current consumption - no more than 40 mA; ambient temperature range - from 0 to +60 "C.

The schematic diagram of the device is shown in fig. 1. Its basis is the Z86E0208PSC (DD1) microcontroller. To start the internal generator, either node A1 is used, consisting of a quartz resonator ZQ1 and capacitors C5, C6 with a capacity of 22 ... 33 pF ("Cross-chameleon"), or node A2 with the values of the elements indicated on the diagram ("Cross-chasing") . In parentheses on the node diagrams, here and below, the positional designations of the elements according to the documentation of the company "ElIn" are given.

Garland switching controllers on the Z8 microcontroller

The device is powered by a transformerless source with an output voltage of +5 V. It consists of two quenching capacitors (C1 and C1 *), diodes VD1 and VD2, a zener diode VD3 with a stabilization voltage of 5,1 V and a filtering oxide capacitor C2. Resistors R1 and R2 reduce the possibility of microcontroller failure by eliminating unwanted phenomena that occur during power-up.

For switching garlands (in the diagram they are conditionally shown as single incandescent lamps EL1 and EL2), triacs VT136-600E (1VS1 and 1VS2) from Philips were used. Unfortunately, their domestic counterparts do not exist, and of all foreign devices of this class, these products are the most accessible. A feature of these triacs is that they have enough control current (positive polarity) of 10 ... 20 mA to switch.

Through resistors R3 and R4, a voltage of +5 V is applied to the control pins of the DD1 microcircuit, configured by software as open-drain outputs. To increase the control current of triacs 1VS1 and 2VS1, adjacent synchronously switching outputs of port P2 are combined. The value of the load current specified in the technical characteristics of the described device is provided when the triacs are operated without any coolers. By using heatsinks with an appropriate cooling surface area, this current can be increased to 3A.

+2,2 V is supplied to the pins of ports P2,1 and P5 through resistors R5 and R6.

An important element of the controller is a non-volatile memory unit, made on the EPROM 93C46 (DS1) chip, manufactured by many different manufacturers. The authors suggest using the 93C46CB chip from ST (Thompson). It contains a built-in failure protection mechanism, which is important when placing such a component in close proximity to powerful power circuits.

When assembling the "Cross-chameleon" controller, it is necessary to use the DD1 synchronization circuit with the time-frequency characteristics of the network. To do this, use the resistor R7 and protective diodes VD4 and VD5. If you are assembling a "Cross-chasing" device, then to increase its noise immunity, instead of VD5, you should install a jumper, thereby "grounding" pin 8 DD1 (diode VD4 and resistor R7 are excluded in this case).

Depending on the desire of the radio amateur, the program of either the Cross-chasing device (its codes are given in Table 1) or the Cross-Chameleon device (Table 1) is "sewn up" in the PROM of the DD2 microcontroller. In the latter case, the synchronization and clocking circuits of the microcontroller must be performed as indicated above.

(click to enlarge)

As C1 and C1 *, only capacitors K73-17 with a rated voltage of at least 250 V are suitable. It is permissible to use capacitors with any rating, the total capacitance of which is 1,2 ... 1,4 μF. In the rectifier (VD1 and VD2), any diodes with a permissible forward current of at least 0,5 A and a reverse voltage of at least 400 V are used (for example, KD226G-KD226E, 2D236A, 2D236B). Rated voltage of resistors R1, R2 - not less than 250 V, power dissipation - not less than 0,5 W (resistors MLT-0,5 meet these requirements).

All parts of the device are mounted on a double-sided printed circuit board that fits in the network adapter case (the authors use the case in which the Novgorod radio plant "Transvit" produces power supplies for IEP and IEN). Connector X1 is the mains plug of the case, connected to the board with short wires with a cross section of 0,35...0,5 mm========2========. Wires of the same cross section going to the load can either be soldered to the corresponding pads of the board, or fixed with screws of a standard three-terminal block (X2) from DINKLE or AMP soldered into it. Buttons SB1 and SB2 (microswitches FKX-065-9-5 of foreign production) are located on the side of the board opposite to the parts (their rods are brought to the rear wall of the case).

Of course, the design of the controller may be different. However, in any case, it should exclude the possibility of touching the elements of the device, since they are under high voltage.

Control of the controller "Cross" is easy. The switching algorithm is selected by sequentially pressing the SB2 button around the ring (Algorithm 1, Algorithm 2. .... Algorithm 6, Algorithm 1, etc.). The transition from one algorithm to another is accompanied by a second extinguishing of the lamps of both channels.

The device "Cross-chasing" has the following switching algorithms:

Algorithm 1 - cross-switching in a pair (A; B; A, etc.);

Algorithm 2 - cross-switching in a pair + two common ignitions (A; B; AB, AB; B; A; AB; AB; A, etc.);

Algorithm 3 - counter (0; A; B; AB; 0; B; A; AB; 0; A, etc.);

Algorithm 4 - accumulation + deaccumulation in a pair (0; A; AB; B; 0; B; AB; A; 0; A, etc.);

Algorithm 5 - flicker (AB; A; AB; B; AB; A, etc.);

Algorithm 6 - complex "Fantasy": 10 times Algorithm 3+10 times Algorithm 4 + 20 times Algorithm 1 + 10 times Algorithm 5. Here and below "0" - both channels are off, "A" - channel 1 is on, "B" - channel 2 is on, "AB" - both channels are on simultaneously, ";" - switching phase boundary.

The speed of the "Crosschasing" controller is determined by the duration of the working cycle of the switching algorithm. It is changed by sequentially pressing the SB1 button within 0,2 ... 2 s (10 gradations in 0,2 s increments). After reaching the minimum speed (cycle duration - 2 s), the transition to the maximum (0,2 s) is carried out.

Algorithms for switching the device "Cross-chameleon" are more complex:

Algorithm 1 - "transfusion" in antiphase (the maximum brightness of the lamps in one channel coincides with the minimum brightness in the other);

Algorithm 2 - "transfusion" by accumulation and de-accumulation with channel reversal (the brightness of the lamps in the second channel begins to increase after reaching the maximum brightness in the first, and the decrease in brightness in the second - after reaching the minimum brightness in the first);

Algorithm 3 - cross-switching in a pair (A; B; A, etc.);

Algorithm 4 - accumulation / de-accumulation (0; A; AB; B; 0; A, etc.).

The speed of the "Cross-chameleon" controller in the "transfusion" modes is determined by the duration of the cycle of changing the brightness of the glow from minimum to maximum. Duration adjustment is provided (by pressing the same SB 1 button) from 1,6 to 8 s (five gradations in 1,6 s increments). After reaching the minimum speed (cycle duration - 8 s), a transition to the maximum speed (duration - 1,6 s) is carried out. In switching modes, the speed of operation is regulated within the same limits as in "Cross-chasing".

When using both versions of the device, it is recommended to first set the maximum switching speed, then select the algorithm you like, and only after that set the required processing speed for the selected algorithm.

Thanks to the non-volatile memory unit, the Kross controllers, after being disconnected from the network, remember the last selected mode of operation.

Authors: A. Olkhovsky, S. Shcheglov, A. Matevosov, K. Chernyavsky, Moscow

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