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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Everyone knows that going against the wind is much more difficult than going with the wind. Apparently, this is still in ancient times and led people to the idea of ​​using the power of the wind. It must be assumed that, first of all, the force of the wind was used to move the simplest boats on the water. A sail, usually a large piece of cloth, was attached to the raft or boat. The wind, pressing on the surface of the sail, moved the boat.

This is how sailing ships arose, on which for centuries people sailed along rivers and lakes, crossed seas and oceans.

With the development of handicraft work, wind power began to be widely used in the simplest machines - wind engines.

The first wind turbines were very simple.

Imagine a horizontal log - a shaft with two crosses at the ends. Longitudinal boards-blades are attached to the crosses. The shaft is placed in two supports, mounted on pillars. The wind wheel of such a simple wind turbine (Fig. 17) is very similar to the well-known water wheel; its work also resembles the work of a water wheel.

Fig.17. Scheme of the simplest drum wind turbine

The blades of such a wind turbine below the shaft are covered with a shield. If we now place the shaft across the wind, then the wind will only press on the upper blades of the wind turbine. The lower blades will not experience wind pressure, as they are covered by a shield. Due to this, the blades will begin to rotate under the influence of the wind and will rotate the shaft.

Such wind machines are called drum wind turbines: they used to be used where the wind often blows in one direction.

If the axis of the drum wind turbine is placed vertically, we will get a type of carousel wind turbine (Fig. 18). These wind turbines have blades of various shapes.

These simple, carousel and drum wind turbines were used several millennia ago in China.

The remains of very old windmills are also found in Egypt. The stonework of the preserved parts of the mills indicates that they were built about 2 years ago. Thus, the peoples of the eastern states in ancient times used wind energy to get work.

Wind turbines first appeared in Europe around the XNUMXth century. They were used for water supply, as well as for grinding grain into flour.

Windmills and wind pumps were especially widespread in Holland. With the help of wind pumps, this small country constantly reclaimed its land from the advancing sea.

Fig.18. Scheme of a carousel wind turbine

In Holland, its own original type of wind turbine was created, the massive tower of which was motionless, and its upper part or tent turned into the wind along with the wind wheel. Such wind turbines are called tent or Dutch type (Fig. 19).

Fig.19. Tent windmill and a diagram of its device

Wind turbines have played a huge role in the development of the Dutch economy. On this occasion, Karl Marx wrote in Capital: “Partly the lack of natural waterfalls, partly the struggle with excess water in other forms, forced the Dutch to use the wind as a driving force. The Dutch borrowed the most windmills from Germany, where this invention caused a serious struggle between the nobility , priests and the emperor because of which of the three of them "owns" the wind ... Back in 1836, 12000 windmills with 6000 horsepower were in use in Holland, which protected two-thirds of the country from turning back into a swamp " .

But in the XNUMXth century, steam engines appeared. Wind turbines could not compete with them. And the use of wind turbines has declined sharply. However, they have not been completely abandoned because these machines use completely free and inexhaustible wind energy, which, moreover, is everywhere.

With the development of mechanical engineering and the doctrine of air movement - aerodynamics - it became possible to build more advanced and powerful wind power plants. The role of wind turbines, especially in agriculture, has increased again.

Author: Karmishin A.V.

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