Economy chandelier. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Lighting

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I propose a simple device that allows, with the existing three-wire system for switching on a chandelier, to provide five stages of room illumination control, while saving energy and extending the “life” of incandescent lamps to 4-5 years. The device provides protection for lamps when the chandelier is turned on, when the resistance of the cold filaments of the lamps is low and significant power is dissipated on them, exceeding the rated one.

The implementation of the device does not require complex and time-consuming work, scarce and inaccessible parts, and by “sacrificing” one control stage, you can get by with only two additional elements to the existing three-wire chandelier control circuit.

The diagram of the device, using the example of a four-arm chandelier, is shown in Fig. 1.

To perform this, you need a standard three-pole (three-key) switch, a diode, capacitors and resistors. The implementation procedure is as follows. The standard two-pole switch should be disconnected and removed, and instead, a three-key switch should be installed, one of the contacts of which should be bypassed with a diode. Install the diode on the switch board on the side of the spacer legs. This diode provides half the power to the lamps EL1 and EL2 of the chandelier.

Capacitors are connected in series with lamps EL3 and EL4, which, together with a diode, make it possible to obtain an additional level of light control. Resistors that bypass capacitors ensure that the capacitors are discharged when the chandelier or switch SA2 is turned off in the event of a malfunction of the discharge circuit consisting of the chandelier lamps. In addition, capacitors perform a second function. Their capacity is designed so that the voltage on lamps EL3 and EL4 is slightly reduced, which significantly extends their “life”, i.e. The time between failures of these lamps increases.

The third function of capacitors is to protect lamps EL3 and EL4 at the moment of switching on, since their capacitance is approximately the same order as the resistance of incandescent lamps, as a result they limit the inrush current through the cold spiral of the lamp, which has low resistance. This allows you to further extend the life of the lamps. The capacitors and resistors of the device are placed in the decorative glass of the chandelier near the ceiling. If the chandelier is three-armed, then the EL4 lamp with a capacitor and resistor should be excluded from the above diagram. With a five-arm chandelier, the fifth lamp is connected in parallel with lamp EL.2. The contact group SA1 of the device is controlled by the left key of the switch, and the contact groups SA2 and SA3 are controlled by the middle and right keys, respectively.

When turning on the chandelier, initially press the SA3 or SA2 keys (right or middle key). This leads to the ignition of lamps EL.1 or EL.2, respectively, which are connected to the network through a diode, which protects them at the moment of switching on due to a decrease in the amount of current flowing through the lamp. In this case, each of the lamps shines with incomplete heat, since half the power is supplied to them. This is the first stage of light control, which can be used for emergency lighting, which saves energy. By pressing the keys SA3 and SA2, lamps EL.1 and EL.2 are lit, which operate with partial incandescence, while the illumination of the room is higher. This is the second stage of light control. Including SA3 and SA1, full power is supplied to the EL1 lamp, and it glows at full intensity - the third stage of light control, and the lamp is initially turned on through a diode, which protects it at the moment it is turned on. By pressing the keys SA2 and SA1, lamps EL2, EL3, EL4 are lit, and lamp EL2 operates at full heat, and lamps EL3 and EL4 - with a slight incandescence.

When turned on, lamp EL2 is protected by a diode, and lamps EL3 and EL4 are protected by capacitors. Operating EL3 and EL4 lamps with a slight undervoltage increases their MTBF. This mode is the fourth stage of light control. And finally, pressing the switch key in the order SA3, SA2, SA1 turns on all the chandelier lamps, protecting them when turned on. This is the last - fifth stage of light control.

Thus, as follows from the principle of operation of the device. The economic efficiency of the chandelier lies in extending the “life” of incandescent lamps and saving energy by selecting the currently required illumination of the room, using any of the five possible control levels.

It must be remembered that the chandelier should always be turned on from the first stage of regulation, i.e. by pressing the right or middle key of the switch, so it is advisable to highlight these keys in some way, for example, by making stickers on them from colored paper or by marking them with paint. By eliminating one control stage, you can simplify the device by eliminating capacitors and resistors (Fig. 2).

In a four-arm chandelier, the lamps are in most cases connected in pairs, so there is no need to make any changes in the switching circuit of the chandelier lamps. We replace only the two-pole switch with a three-pole one and install a diode on its board, which bypasses one contact group. The procedure for controlling the chandelier remains the same as for the circuit in Fig. 1. It is more convenient to use small-sized capacitors, for example, type K73-11 with a capacity of 2,2 μF for a rated voltage of 250 V, making up the necessary battery for a lamp of the appropriate power. So, for a 40 W lamp, two capacitors connected in parallel are sufficient, for 60 and 75 W lamps - three capacitors, 100 W - four capacitors.

Resistors type MLT-0,5. Diodes of type KD202 with letter indices K, M, P for a current of 3 A and a reverse voltage of not less than 400 V. It is possible to use capacitors of type K73-17 with 1 μF, 250...400 V, which have smaller dimensions.

Literature

1. Kaminsky E.A.. Apartment electrical wiring and how to handle it. - 6th ed. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1984. - 208 p.

Author: K.V. Kolomoytsev, Ivano-Frankivsk

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