Device for pumping groundwater. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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The device offered to the attention of readers (its diagram is shown in the figure) is distinguished by a very low power consumption, small dimensions and weight, and does not require adjustment. It contains water level sensors E1-EZ, a trigger on an optocoupler U2, an electronic key on a transistor VT1, a pump control unit on an optocoupler U1 and a micropower switching power supply (elements located on the right - according to the figure - part of the circuit).

Fig. 1

The device works as follows. While the groundwater level is below the sensors E1-E3, the field-effect transistor VT1 and the transistor of the optocoupler U2 are closed, the emitting diodes of the optocouplers U2, U1 are de-energized, therefore the optotriac of the latter is closed and the pump connected to terminals X1 and X2 is de-energized. When the water level reaches the sensors E1 and EЗ (they are located on the same level), the gate of the transistor VT1 through the water resistance between them and the resistor R1 receives a positive polarity voltage from the output of the power source and the transistor opens, connecting the emitter of the optocoupler transistor U2 with a common wire. When the rising water level reaches sensor E2, the optocoupler transistor U2 opens (the base current flows through the water and the current limiting resistor R3) and the emitting diodes of the optocouplers U1 and U2 turn on. Thanks to the positive optical feedback, the flip-flop switches to a single state ("latch"). The emitting diode of the optocoupler U1 turns on the opto-triac, and the supply voltage is applied to the pump.

When the water is pumped out, its level drops, but the pump, thanks to the "latched" trigger, continues to work even after the water drops below the E2 sensor. With a further decrease in the level, when it becomes lower than the sensors E1 and E1, the pump runs for a few more seconds, since the transistor VT1 remains open due to the charged capacitor C4. After it is discharged through the resistor R1, the transistor VT2, and after it the transistor of the optocoupler UXNUMX, closes, the emitting diodes of the optocouplers are de-energized and the pump is turned off. In the future, this cycle is repeated.

The power supply is made on the basis of a relaxation generator, a symmetrical VS1 dynistor is used as an electronic key. Capacitor C4 - ballast, C5 - storage. The output voltage of the power supply is 5,5 V, the output current is 5 mA, the short circuit current is 8,5 mA.

The device is assembled on a fragment of a universal breadboard with dimensions of 30x35 mm. There are no special requirements for details. Capacitors C1, C2 - ceramic KM or imported, C3 - oxide imported, C4 - film noise suppression, C5 - film K73-17 with a rated voltage of 63 V or KM (50 V). Resistors - any with the power dissipation indicated on the diagram. Symmetrical dinistor DB3 (VS1) and diodes 1 N4007 (VD2-VD5) removed from the electronic ballast of a faulty CFL. A choke was also removed from it, the annular magnetic circuit of which (size K10x6x5) was used to wind the transformer T1. Its primary winding contains five, and the secondary - ten turns of MGTF 0,07 wire. Diode VD6 - any low-power silicon (for example, KD509A, KD510A), zener diode VD1 - any low-power with a stabilization voltage of 5 ... 7 V (for example, KS162A, KS168A or imported). Transistor VT1 - any of the KP504, KP505 series.

Optocoupler 4N35 (U2) is replaceable by any one in which the optotransistor has a base output (suitable 4N25-4N28, 4N35-4N37, OPTO611). As U1, it is desirable to use an optocoupler with a built-in zero detection network voltage ZCC (Zero Crossing Control), for example, MOC3042, MOC3062, S21MD3, S21ME4, OPTO630 (they are more reliable when working on an inductive load).

The assembled board is placed in a plastic box, in the bottom of which sensors E1-E3 are preliminarily fixed. They are segments of stainless wire with a diameter of 1,9 mm, extracted from wire grade AC 16 / 2,7, used in overhead power lines. Length of sensors E1 and E3 - 220, E2 - 70 mm. The holes for them are arranged in a row with a step of 10 mm (sensor E1 is fixed in the middle). Taking into account the specific operating conditions (high humidity), the board, after soldering the wires connecting it to the sensors and terminal clamps X1-X4 (they are fixed in the upper part of the box with brackets), is filled with epoxy compound. If you use a transparent plastic box, and a transparent compound for pouring, then instead of the VD1 zener diode, you can install a chain of three AL307BM LEDs connected in series, their glow in standby mode will signal the presence of mains voltage.

To ensure efficient pumping of water from the basement, the following work was carried out. Concrete floor screed - with a slight slope to one side. In the lowest part of the basement, a pit 0,5 m deep was dug and lined with dry half-brick, without mortar. A plastic bucket is placed in the pit, in the lower part and bottom of which more than 300 holes with a diameter of 2,5 mm are drilled, playing the role of a fine filter. The space between the walls of the pit and the bucket is filled with gravel with a fraction of 10.20 mm, which acts as a coarse water filter.

An aquarium pump is placed at the bottom of the bucket. With a small power consumption (8 W), it has quite sufficient performance - about 200 l / h. Water is discharged into a nearby sewer pipe, for which a fitting is cut into it. The box with the device is freely installed on the plastic lid of the bucket. Three holes with a diameter of 3 mm are drilled in its central part for the passage of sensors.

When using a pump with a power consumption of more than 20 W, the optotriac U2 should be used to drive a more powerful triac.

Author: K. Moroz

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