Rules for the use of electrical energy. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Rules for the use of electrical energy. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electric meters

1. General provisions

1. Rules for the use of electrical energy (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) are developed in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Electric Power Industry".

Relations arising between energy producing, energy transmitting, energy supplying organizations and consumers of electrical energy in the wholesale and retail markets are regulated by the civil legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Rules and other regulatory legal acts.

The Rules determine the procedure for the use of electrical energy by consumers on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

2. Basic concepts and definitions used in the Rules:

1) household consumer - an individual using electrical energy for domestic purposes;

2) the border of the balance sheet ownership of the electric network - the point of dividing the electric network between the subjects of the electric energy market: energy producing, energy transmission organizations and consumers, as well as between consumers and subconsumers, determined by the balance sheet ownership of the electric network;

3) the boundary of the operational responsibility of the parties - the point of division of power equipment and (or) the network between business entities responsible for the maintenance, maintenance and technical condition, determined by the balance sheet ownership or the contract and confirmed by the appropriate act of delimitation of the balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility of the parties between these business entities ;

4) contract for electricity supply - a document according to which the energy supply organization undertakes to supply the consumer with energy through the connected network, and the consumer undertakes to pay for the received energy, as well as to comply with the mode of its consumption provided for by the contract, to ensure the safety of operation of the electrical networks under its control, and serviceability, appliances and equipment used by him related to energy consumption;

5) contractual capacity - the average amount of electricity, agreed with the energy supply organization, used by the consumer for one hour;

6) quality of electrical energy - the degree of compliance of electrical energy with the standards established by the current Interstate Standard - GOST 13109-97 "Normals for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems";

7) an electric power facility - an electric power station, substation, power transmission line intended for the production, transformation, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical energy;

8) a special mode of operation of electric power facilities - a forced regime introduced in case of major technological disturbances at electric power facilities;

9) payment document - a document (invoice, notice, receipt, warning invoice), on the basis of which consumers pay;

10) a sealing device (seal, sealing cable) is a disposable device with a locking mechanism that provides control against unauthorized access;

11) verification of commercial accounting instruments - a set of operations performed by the state metrological service or other accredited legal entities in order to determine and confirm the compliance of a measuring instrument with established metrological requirements;

12) receiver of electrical energy - an installation or device designed to receive and use electrical energy;

13) connected power of the consumer's electrical installations - the sum of the rated powers of the consumer's electrical energy receivers connected to the electrical network directly and (or) through switching devices;

14) checking the commercial electricity metering scheme - a set of operations performed by a representative of an energy transmission organization in the presence of a consumer in order to determine the state of metering devices and the scheme for its inclusion;

15) settlement period - the period of time determined by the contract for electricity supply, for which the consumed electrical energy must be taken into account and presented for payment to the consumer;

16) free supply of electricity - the supply of electricity in the volume of monthly consumption and with a capacity not exceeding the values determined by the contract for electricity supply;

17) subconsumer - a consumer directly connected to the electrical networks of the consumer of the energy supply organization;

18) subjects of the electric energy market - energy producing, energy transmitting, energy supply organizations, consumers of electric energy and other organizations operating in the electric energy market;

19) electrical energy metering scheme - a certain electrical connection of electrical energy metering devices that provide accounting for transmitted and consumed electrical energy for settlements for it;

20) technological reservation - electric power required by the consumer to complete technological processes;

21) authorized body - the central executive body, carrying out, in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the implementation of state policy in the field of electric power industry;

22) the nature of electricity consumption - types of electricity consumption, subdivided into seasonal, temporary, shift, emergency, technological, for domestic and (or) industrial consumption, electric welding, needs of electric heating and (or) hot water supply;

23) fixed supply of electricity - supply of electricity to the consumer in exactly the agreed amount for each hour of the day;

24) expert organization - an organization that has the permission of the authorized body to conduct energy expertise on issues of the electric power industry and energy saving;

25) electrical installation - an installation in which electrical energy is produced, converted, transmitted, distributed, consumed;

26) energy conservation - activities (organizational, scientific, practical, informational) aimed at the rational and economical use of fuel and energy resources.

2. Organization of power supply

3. Power supply to consumers is carried out:

1) on the wholesale electricity market on the basis of contracts for the sale of electricity and transactions concluded at centralized auctions between participants in the wholesale market.

Ensuring the delivery (transportation) of electricity purchased under the contract to the consumer is carried out, unless otherwise established by agreement of the parties, by the energy transmission organization;

2) in the retail market, the sale of electricity under the contract is carried out by the energy supply organization. At the same time, the energy supply organization concludes an electricity transmission agreement with energy transmission organizations. Consumers with an average daily power consumption exceeding the threshold for access to the wholesale market, and who buy electricity from energy generating organizations, conclude an agreement for electricity transmission services with energy transmission organizations;

3) the electricity supply contract is concluded in writing. Attached to it are: acts of delimitation of balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility of the parties; an act of an expert organization for the inspection of the technical condition of the consumer's electrical installations, if necessary, an act of emergency and (or) an act of technological armor, as well as other documents drawn up in the prescribed manner by the energy supply (energy transmission) organization;

4) a contract for the transmission of electrical energy is concluded in writing. It is accompanied by acts of delimitation of the balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility of the parties, if necessary, an act of emergency and (or) an act of technological armor and other documents drawn up in the prescribed manner;

5) ensuring free access of electricity market participants to electric networks of regional and (or) local levels and regulation of relations arising between market entities when they make transactions for the transmission of electricity through these networks, is regulated by the Electric Grid Rules of the Republic of Kazakhstan, approved by the Order of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 24, 2001 N No. 214 and registered in the Register of State Registration of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan for N 1708 dated December 28, 2001 (hereinafter referred to as ESP), and other regulatory legal acts;

6) ensuring access of market participants to the networks of the interregional level (national energy transmission organization) is regulated by the relations arising between the parties when making transactions for the transmission of electrical energy through these networks, and is regulated by the ESP and the current regulatory legal acts.

4. Disagreements arising between subjects of the electric energy market are resolved in accordance with the procedure established by law.

5. The act of emergency armor (hereinafter - AAB) of power supply is drawn up jointly by the consumer and the power supply organization. In cases of disagreement on the AAB, the parties turn to an expert organization to resolve the dispute.

The power supply and (or) power transmission organizations provide uninterrupted power supply to the facilities included in the list of emergency and (or) technological armor, provided that the consumer fulfills the guarantee of payment for electrical energy according to emergency and (or) technological armor.

The technical feasibility of uninterrupted power supply to consumer facilities included in the list of emergency and (or) technological armor is determined and agreed upon by an expert organization under the contract.

6. An increase in the electrical power consumed by the consumer in excess of the values \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbspecified in the contract (within the power according to the technical conditions), as well as the connection of new sub-consumers is allowed only with the consent of the energy transmission and power supply organizations after making appropriate changes to the contracts.

7. The consumer can connect his own electrical installations to his networks within the capacity specified in the contracts, without additional permission from the energy supply and energy transmission organizations, and above this capacity - regardless of the connected capacity, only with the permission of the energy transmission organization.

3. Specifications for the connection of electrical installations of consumers

8. Connection of consumer electrical installations to electrical networks is carried out in accordance with Chapter 3 of the ESP.

Specifications are issued by the energy transmission organization at the written request of the consumer.

9. The consumer's application shall indicate:

1) the full name of the object and its location with the situational plan attached;

2) the maximum load of the facility, the nature of electricity consumption;

3) a list of subconsumers and characteristics of their electrical installations;

4) the timing of the introduction of electrical loads by years;

5) the category of electricity receivers in terms of the reliability of power supply in general and individual technological installations that meets the requirements of the norms of technical documentation;

6) justification of the declared capacity;

7) a copy of the document confirming the right of ownership or property lease (lease), including leasing, trust management and other types of use of the power supply facility.

10. Specifications for the connection of electrical installations of consumers must be requested by the consumer and issued by the power transmission organization in the following cases:

1) connection of new electrical installations to the networks of an energy transmission organization;

2) change in the power consumed by the electrical installation;

3) change in the scheme of external power supply;

4) when changing the technical requirements for the operation of power plants;

5) changing the category of consumer power supply reliability;

6) change the owner of the object.

11. The energy transmission organization, after receiving an application from the consumer, within a month, issues technical specifications for the connection of electrical installations of newly created or reconstructed operating enterprises, buildings, structures, their queues or individual industries and recommendations for organizing electricity metering at these facilities with a total capacity of objects up to 1000 kW .

With a total capacity of objects over 1000 kW, preliminary technical conditions are issued.

12. Coordination of design decisions of consumers for the power supply of new enterprises, buildings, structures, their queues, individual industries or expanded and reconstructed existing facilities that require a change in the external power supply scheme is carried out with the power transmission organization, to the networks of which it is connected.

Feasibility studies and projects for the construction of new and expansion of existing facilities and enterprises with an annual consumption of fuel and energy resources of 500 and more tons of standard fuel are subject to mandatory energy saving expertise.

13. Sub-consumers, whose electrical installations are fed from the networks of consumers of the energy supply organization, receive technical specifications from consumers in agreement with the energy transmission organization.

14. The technical conditions for connecting the consumer to electrical networks indicate:

1) the location of the object (village, street), points of connection (substation, power plant or power line), voltage at which the overhead or cable lines supplying the object should be made, the expected voltage level at the points of connection;

2) justified requirements for strengthening the existing network in connection with the emergence of a new consumer - an increase in wire cross-sections, replacement or increase in the power of transformers, construction of additional switchgear cells and other requirements that do not contradict the law;

3) calculated values of short circuit currents, requirements for relay protection, automation, telemechanics, communications, protective grounding, isolation and overvoltage protection;

4) requirements for reactive power compensation, quality control and electricity metering, the degree of consumer influence on the quality of electricity at the point of connection to the network, regulation of the consumer's daily load schedule;

5) a list of sub-consumers connected to the consumer's network, indicating the predicted loads and power consumption;

6) power permitted for use;

7) compliance of the power supply scheme with the reliability category of power receivers;

8) requirements for the organization of electricity metering;

9) nature of electricity consumption (permanent, temporary, seasonal);

10) validity period of technical conditions.

15. In case of necessity and doubts about the validity of the issued technical specifications, the consumer applies to the expert organization.

16. Fulfillment of the technical specifications issued by the power transmission organization, to whose networks the consumer is connected, is necessary both for consumers and for design organizations that are entrusted with the development of a power supply project.

17. Obtaining technical conditions is necessary for newly formed and reorganized organizations on the basis of previously existing ones. There is no fee for issuing and reissuing technical specifications.

4. Admission to operation of electrical installations of consumers

18. All newly connected and reconstructed electrical installations of consumers must be made in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents, provided with design and technical acceptance documentation.

19. Prior to commissioning, electrical installations must pass acceptance tests and be accepted by the consumer from the installation and commissioning organization according to the act.

The energy transmission organization connects to its electrical networks for permanent operation of the electrical installation after the consumer eliminates the identified deficiencies and obtains the conclusion of the expert organization and the permission of the state energy supervision body (hereinafter referred to as Gosenergonadzor).

An energy transmission organization may connect consumer electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1000 V, with an installed capacity of up to 100 kW to its electric networks after receiving a positive conclusion from an expert organization.

20. An expert organization, before commissioning energy-consuming equipment, conducts an examination of its compliance with the requirements of state standards, current regulatory legal acts and design data, and also, within the established time limits in accordance with regulatory legal acts, gives an expert assessment of energy efficiency indicators of existing and under construction facilities.

Based on the results of the examination, the State Energy Supervision Authority or the energy transmission organization, in accordance with paragraph 19 of the Rules, makes a decision on the commissioning of energy-consuming equipment.

21. Voltage supply to electrical installations with a seasonal nature of electricity consumption is carried out after the consumer provides the energy supply organization with an act of technical examination of the consumer's electrical installations by an expert organization.

22. The procedure for admitting electrical installations into operation applies to newly installed and reconstructed electrical installations of consumers (subconsumers), as well as when the owner of electrical installations changes.

23. The admission of electrical installations into operation is possible only if the consumer, regardless of the form of ownership, has electrical personnel of appropriate qualifications and a person responsible for the reliable, safe operation of electrical installations, or an agreement for the maintenance of an electrical installation with an organization licensed to engage in this type of activity.

When an object (premises) is leased (rented), including leasing, trust management and other types of use, the lessor is responsible for the reliable, safe operation of electrical installations, unless otherwise provided by the contract.

24. If there are defects in installation in electrical installations of consumers, deviations from the issued technical specifications for connection and the requirements of regulatory and technical documents, the absence of maintenance electrical personnel with appropriate professional qualifications, as well as a person responsible for the reliable, safe operation of electrical installations, their admission to operation prohibited.

5. Conditions and modes of consumption of electrical energy

25. The supply of electrical energy to consumers is carried out by the energy supply organization continuously in accordance with annual, quarterly, monthly plans and daily schedules for the supply of electricity in accordance with the concluded contracts for electricity supply.

26. In the case of a special mode of operation of electric power facilities, electricity supply to consumers is carried out according to the schemes developed by energy transmission organizations that ensure the supply of electric power in the amount of emergency armor.

27. In the wholesale market, the procedure for introducing a special operating regime for electric power facilities is established by the system operator.

28. In the retail market, the procedure for introducing a special mode of operation of electric power facilities is established by the regional electric grid company.

6. Liability of the parties in the operation of electrical installations

29. The limit of responsibility for the condition and maintenance of electrical installations is determined by their balance affiliation and is fixed in the act of delimitation of the balance affiliation of electrical networks and the operational responsibility of the parties attached to the power supply contract.

30. The limit of responsibility for the condition and maintenance of electrical installations with a voltage of 1000 V and above is established:

1) on the connector of the overhead line bushing on the outside of closed switchgears and at the wire outlet from the tension clamp of the portal pull garland of insulators of open switchgears;

2) on the tips of cable or air inlets of supply or outgoing lines.

In this case, the responsibility for the technical condition of the connections specified in this paragraph lies with the organization operating the substations.

31. The boundary of responsibility for the condition of power lines with a voltage of 1000 V and above, having taps (deaf or through disconnectors) belonging to various organizations, and their maintenance is established on the support of the main line, where the tap is made.

The state control and maintenance of the clamps connecting the tap is carried out by the organization in charge of the main line.

32. By agreement of the parties, the contract may also establish another reasonable limit of liability, due to the peculiarities of the operation of electrical installations.

33. The limit of responsibility between the consumer and the power transmission organization for the condition and maintenance of electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V is established:

1) with an air branch - at the contacts of the supply line connection on the first insulators installed on the building;

2) with cable entry - on bolted connections of the lugs of the supply cable at the entrance to the building.

If the boundaries of the balance belonging of the electrical network specified in this paragraph do not correspond to the places, they can be determined directly in the contract.

34. Control of the state and operational maintenance of connections at the border of the balance sheet of the electric network in buildings or other real estate objects of the consumer is carried out by the energy transmission organization.

35. Conclusion for repair of power lines, distribution points and transformer substations of the consumer, through which electricity is transmitted in transit to other consumers of the energy supply organization, as well as the inclusion of the specified equipment after repair, are carried out after agreement with the energy supply organization.

7. Installation and operation of metering devices

36. Electrical installations of consumers of electrical energy must be provided with the necessary commercial metering devices for payments for consumed electricity with an energy supply organization. For electricity metering, metering devices are used, the types of which are included in the State Register of Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements.

Consumers with a fixed supply of electricity, having a contractual power consumption of more than 100 kW, must have meters for commercial accounting of active and reactive energy with a long-term memory for storing data on consumed electricity, power and hourly load schedule.

Consumers of the free supply of electricity with a contractual power consumption of 40-100 kW must have active and reactive energy meters with a long-term memory for storing data on consumed electricity and maximum power.

Consumers of the free supply of electricity with a contractual power consumption of up to 40 kW must have active energy meters.

37. Installation of commercial metering devices is carried out in the manner prescribed by the requirements of the Rules and current regulatory technical documents on the organization of electricity metering, approved by the authorized body.

38. When several consumers are fed from one power supply source, accounting for each consumer must be provided.

39. Commercial metering devices must have a stamp of primary or periodic verification by an organization that has the right to do so.

40. Maintenance, maintenance and verification of commercial metering devices is carried out according to the balance sheet. Maintenance of commercial metering devices under an agreement with the owner can be carried out by an energy transmission organization or other specialized organization that has a permit for this type of activity.

41. Verification of commercial metering devices is carried out in accordance with the calibration interval for the device within the time specified in the verification procedures, as well as in case of doubt about the correctness of their testimony at the request of one of the interested parties.

42. In the event of an unscheduled verification, the costs of verification (including removal and installation) are borne by the party requiring the unscheduled verification.

43. If during verification it is found that the readings of commercial metering devices exceed the error allowed by their accuracy class, then the costs of extraordinary verification are paid by the owner of the devices.

44. Accounting for electric energy for settlements between the energy supplying, energy transmission organizations and the consumer is carried out at the border of the balance sheet ownership of the electrical network.

45. In the absence of technical feasibility, it is allowed to install commercial electricity metering devices not on the border of the balance sheet of the electrical network by mutual agreement of the parties.

Electricity losses in the network section from the border to the place of installation of commercial metering devices are attributed on a contractual basis to the owner on whose balance sheet the specified section of the network is located, and are determined by calculation by the energy transmission organization.

46. Commercial metering devices must have seals of organizations that have the right to verify on the fastening of casings, and on the cover of the electric meter terminal block, on the doors of the compartment of current and voltage transformers, on current and voltage test blocks and boxes, seals of the energy transmission organization.

47. Drives of disconnectors of voltage transformers, supplying commercial metering devices, assemblies of clamps in the wiring to metering devices, as well as cabinets of input switching devices located before commercial metering devices, are closed with a fence from unauthorized access by the owner of the electrical installation and sealed by the power transmission organization in the presence of the consumer.

In installations of 0,4 kV, all current-carrying parts from the input device to measuring current transformers, inclusive, are subject to fencing and sealing.

The energy transmission organization seals the handles of drives of static capacitor batteries, in cases when these batteries are not used by the consumer.

48. The amount of active and reactive electrical energy supplied to the consumer is determined in accordance with the readings of commercial metering devices installed on the primary voltage side of the consumer's head transformer.

If commercial metering devices are installed on the side of the secondary voltage, that is, after the main transformer, then the volume of electrical energy supplied to the consumer is determined by multiplying the readings of commercial metering devices by a factor of 1,025, unless otherwise provided by the contract.

49. When carrying out any type of work related to a change or violation of the electric energy metering scheme, the consumer must notify the energy transmission and energy supply organizations in writing before starting work and obtain the appropriate permission.

50. During the period of repair, electricity metering should be carried out in accordance with temporary metering schemes agreed with the power transmission organization. Upon completion of repair work at the transformer substation, carried out with the complete shutdown of the latter, the energy transmission organization, if necessary, performs an extraordinary check of the commercial electricity metering scheme.

51. If there are multi-tariff commercial metering devices that allow separate accounting of electric energy consumption by zones of the day, metering of electric energy consumption can be determined and paid at prices (tariffs) depending on the time of day.

8. Conditions for limiting and stopping the supply of electrical energy

52. The supply, as well as restrictions and interruptions in the supply of electrical energy, are carried out in accordance with the contract concluded with the consumer. The category of reliability of power supply and the scheme of connection to the electrical network must comply with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents and be stipulated in the contract for power supply.

53. The energy supply and (or) energy transmission organizations, having warned the consumer in the prescribed manner, stop completely or partially supplying him with electricity in the following cases:

1) failure to pay for electricity within the terms established by the contract;

2) violation of the electricity consumption regime established by the contract;

3) emergency.

54. Energy supply and (or) energy transmission organizations immediately stop completely supplying electricity to the consumer in the following cases:

1) unauthorized connection of electricity receivers to the network of an energy transmission organization;

2) connection of electricity receivers in addition to metering devices;

3) reduction of electricity quality indicators through the fault of the consumer to values that disrupt the operation of electrical installations of the energy transmission organization and other consumers;

4) preventing representatives of the energy supply and (or) energy transmission organizations from accessing commercial metering devices.

55. Gosenergonadzor bodies, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, have the right to:

1) issue instructions to organizations operating in the field of electric power industry in case of violation by them of the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of electric power industry;

2) have access to electrical and power installations;

3) to check the technical condition and safety of operation of electrical and power installations.

In case of non-compliance with the instructions of the Gosenergonadzor bodies, the issue of suspension or revocation of the license is initiated in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Control over compliance with the Rules is carried out by the Gosenergonadzor bodies within their competence.

56. The power supply and (or) power transmission organizations warn the consumer about the interruption of the supply of electricity for carrying out planned work to repair equipment and connect new consumers in the absence of backup power no later than three days before the shutdown.

57. In order to take urgent measures to prevent or eliminate accidents that may lead to a danger to human life, significant economic damage, disruption of the functioning of especially important elements of public utilities and power supply systems, it is allowed for the power transmission organization to turn off the consumer's electrical installation with immediate notification and indicating reasons for shutdown.

58. If the consumer exceeds the capacity permitted for use under the contract, the power transmission and (or) power supply organizations require the consumer to reduce the load to the value established by the contract. The procedure for notifying the consumer about reducing the load is established by the contract.

The requirement of the power supply and (or) power transmission organizations to reduce the load to the level established by the contract or the specified dispatcher limit in the manner prescribed by law must be met by the consumer. The dispatcher's order to reduce the load is issued on the basis of the developed energy supply and (or) energy transmission organizations and approved restriction schedules. If the requirement of the power supply and (or) power transmission organizations to reduce the load within 10 minutes is not met, the power transmission organization shall partially or completely disconnect the consumer from the network.

9. Calculations for electrical energy

59. Payments by consumers for the electricity supplied to them are made in accordance with the tariffs determined by the energy supply organization in the prescribed manner.

On the wholesale electricity market, settlements for balancing electricity, as well as for non-contractual volumes of electricity, are made in accordance with regulatory legal acts regulating relations between the subjects of the wholesale electricity market.

In the retail electricity market, settlements for non-contractual volumes of electricity are made in accordance with the concluded contracts.

60. The power supply organization has the right to sell to consumers who have multi-tariff commercial metering devices, electrical energy at different prices (tariffs), respectively, by day zones in the manner prescribed by applicable law, to consumers.

61. Payments for the consumed electricity by the consumer are made according to the payment document issued by the energy supply organization based on the readings of commercial meters in accordance with the terms of the contract.

62. The duration of the billing period, terms, conditions and forms of payment for the supplied electrical energy are determined in the contract for electricity supply.

The terms of payment for the consumed electrical energy are determined in accordance with the terms of the contract for electricity supply by agreement of the parties.

63. A person guilty of reducing the quality of electricity shall compensate for the real damage caused by him to a retail market entity, unless otherwise provided by applicable law.

64. In case of temporary violation of accounting through no fault of the consumer, payment for electricity is made according to the average daily consumption of the previous or subsequent billing period in which the means and scheme for accounting for electricity were in good order, unless otherwise provided in the contract.

The calculation period for the average daily electricity consumption should not exceed one month, during which commercial accounting must be restored in full.

If commercial accounting cannot be restored within the specified period, then the procedure for calculating the electricity supplied to the consumer and the timing for restoring accounting must be established by agreement between the consumer, the energy supply and energy transmission organization.

65. In case of delay in payments, the consumer pays a penalty fee in accordance with applicable law and the terms of the contract.

66. If the consumer is disconnected in accordance with the established procedure for non-payment for the electricity he used, then his connection is made by the energy transmission organization after paying off the debt and paying for the connection service.

67. Readings of commercial metering devices are taken by representatives of the energy transmission organization in the presence of representatives of the consumer, unless otherwise provided by the contract.

68. If it is impossible to take meter readings within two billing periods due to the fault of the consumer, and if the consumer does not provide information to the energy transmission organization on the amount of electricity consumed by him, the energy supply organization has the right to calculate the average daily electricity consumption for the previous period, taking into account the seasonal schedule loads.

At the same time, the calculation period for the average daily electricity consumption should not exceed one calculation period, after which the electricity consumption must be determined according to the installed capacity in accordance with the consumer's specifications, until the readings of commercial metering devices are reported without subsequent recalculation.

69. By agreement of the parties, payment by the consumer of electricity is allowed according to the readings of commercial metering devices taken by him. Mistakes made by the consumer when paying for electricity are corrected by the energy supply organization and (or) energy transmission organization as they are identified.

70. Payment for the consumption and generation of reactive energy is calculated in the manner prescribed by law. The condition and procedure for paying for reactive energy is determined in the contract for electricity transmission services (power supply).

71. If representatives of the energy transmission organization detect damage to settlement meters due to the fault of the consumer, violation or absence of a seal (sealing device), damage to the glass and case, unauthorized connection by the consumer of an electrical installation in addition to settlement meters, changes in the scheme for switching on meters, the energy transmission organization in the prescribed manner disconnects consumer from the power grid and recalculates the consumption of electricity according to the actual maximum load or connected capacity of the consumer's electrical installations and the number of hours of operation of the consumer for the entire time from the date of the last replacement of settlement metering devices or instrumental verification of the commercial metering scheme.

The consumer is connected to the power grid after the elimination of violations in the circuit and electricity meters.

10. Additional provisions on the use of electrical energy by a household consumer

72. Consumer electricity meters should be located in places that provide unhindered access for their inspection by the controller of the energy transmission organization.

73. In cases of malfunction of electricity metering devices, breakdowns and their loss, a temporary estimated determination of electricity consumption and payment for it is allowed. Connection of electricity receivers of a new consumer without commercial electricity metering devices is prohibited.

74. An energy supplying organization supplies electricity to a household consumer in the quantity required by him within the capacity determined by the contract.

75. The boundary of the operational responsibility of the parties between the household consumer and the power transmission organization for the technical condition and operation of electrical networks is determined by their balance sheet and is fixed in the contract for electricity supply.

76. The boundary of the operational responsibility of the parties in a residential building between the consumer and the power transmission organization for the condition and maintenance of electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V is determined as follows:

1) with an air branch - at the contacts of the supply line connection on the first insulators installed on the building;

2) with cable entry - on bolted connections of the lugs of the supply cable at the entrance to the building;

3) in the case when the group placement of all apartment electricity meters is carried out in one room for the whole house or in one room for the entrance, then the boundary of the operational responsibility of the parties between the energy transmission organization and consumers is determined at the contacts for connecting to the meters of the wiring supplying electricity to the apartments.

77. Control of the state and operational maintenance of connections at the border of the balance sheet of the electric network in buildings or other real estate objects of a residential consumer is carried out by an energy transmission organization.

78. A visit to the consumer by a representative of the energy supply and (or) energy transmission organizations for the purpose of inspecting metering devices, as well as for the purpose of examining whether the consumer complies with the terms of the electricity supply contract is a check and is drawn up by the relevant act in the prescribed manner. The act is valid if there is a signature of a representative of the energy supply and energy transmission organizations and the verified consumer, or his representative. The act is considered valid even if the consumer refuses to sign, but on condition that it is drawn up by the commission of the energy transmission organization and (or) the condominium management body consisting of at least three people. If the dispute is not resolved, the issue is resolved in court.

Publication: electro.narod.ru

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Ultrasound improves cheese flavor 30.06.2023

Improving the taste of cheese with ultrasound

Milk is a valuable and tasty raw material from which various products are created, including dietary ones. However, their main disadvantage is their short shelf life. When using different methods of processing raw milk, such as pasteurization and sterilization, the chemical components of the product change.

These methods partially or completely decontaminate the product, but may adversely affect its taste, color and other characteristics. At the same time, the microorganisms that are involved in the process of creating dairy products can remain intact, spoil the finished product and even cause illness in consumers. An international team of scientists has found an alternative way to process and preserve milk and its derivatives that does not harm the body.

In the manufacture of Adyghe cheese, ultrasound was used - this is a mechanical wave that propagates in air or other media and has a very high frequency. It transfers a large amount of energy, causing cavitation - the formation of gas bubbles that shrink and damage neighboring molecules, while destroying bacteria. Such exposure accelerates chemical reactions and causes specific processes.

Specialists treated samples of cow and goat milk with ultrasound at a frequency of 45 kilohertz for 17 minutes. Then whey was added to the milk, which caused curdling, and then a soft salty cheese was obtained by standard technology. According to tasters, the sonicated product has a pleasant creamy color, as well as improved taste and texture.

When examining the resulting cheese under a microscope, the scientists found that sonication resulted in a reduction in the size of protein grains and fat droplets. In addition, the product has become more dense, and no dangerous microorganisms have been found in it. The authors of the study concluded that ultrasound has successfully coped with disinfection by cavitation, and expressed the hope that their technology will soon find application in industry.

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