Halogen incandescent lamps. Operating principle. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Electrician

Halogen incandescent lamps. Operating principle. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Halogen lamps

Halogen incandescent lamps (Abbreviated GLN) are often referred to simply as "halogen lamps". Because of this, it is mistakenly believed that they use some new method of obtaining light.

In fact, these lamps are just an improved version of ordinary incandescent lamps, and the light in them is also obtained by heating a thin tungsten wire.

For the first time, the idea of adding halogen vapors to the lamp bulb to reduce the blackening of glass was patented at the end of the XNUMXth century. The beneficial effect was achieved due to the fact that halogen vapors are able to combine with evaporating tungsten particles, and then decompose under the influence of high temperature, returning tungsten to the spiral.

Operating principle

The tungsten atoms escaping from the hot spiral, therefore, did not reach the walls of the lamp bulb (due to which the blackening was reduced), but returned back chemically. This phenomenon has been named halogen cycle (Fig. 5.1).

Halogen incandescent lamps. Operating principle
Rice. 5.1. Halogen cycle

The use of a halogen cycle allows you to improve immediately two options incandescent lamp:

firstly, the evaporation of the spiral significantly slows down, which means that the lamp life increases;
secondly, it is possible to significantly increase the temperature (and hence the light output) of the spiral, since with its growth, the efficiency of the halogen cycle increases, and, hence, the control over the evaporation of tungsten.

At first glance, halogen technology is so flawless that such a lamp turns out to be almost eternal. Unfortunately, this is not entirely true. The fact is that the tungsten atoms that have evaporated from one section of the spiral return as halogens to others. Sooner or later, the same processes begin in a halogen lamp as in an incandescent lamp: a certain section of the spiral becomes noticeably thinner, its temperature rises, and evaporation in this place increases even more. This inevitably leads to burnout.

Practically applicable halogen lamp was proposed only in 1959 in the USA. Research took such a long time for the reason that in the original version it was proposed to use a glass bulb for this lamp.

The experiments showed that with an increase in the temperature of the spiral, the halogens began to actively interact with the glass, and the flask was destroyed. This barrier was overcome by using quartz glass and the resulting technological complications.

Note. The efficiency of the halogen cycle is highest with a small lamp bulb volume and this explains the fact that all halogen lamps are relatively small.

Author: Koryakin-Chernyak S.L.

See other articles Section Halogen lamps.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Unguided satellite falls to Earth 22.10.2013

In early November, the next satellite will make an uncontrolled reentry into the atmosphere, its fragments can pose a danger to people and buildings.

According to the European Space Agency (ESA), on October 21, the fuel on the GOCE satellite, designed to study gravity, ran out of fuel. In about two weeks, it will enter the atmosphere and burn up almost entirely, but some parts will probably survive and crash to the surface of the planet. The place of a possible fall is still unknown, since the satellite is uncontrollable and its trajectory cannot yet be predicted. The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee assures that the population of the threatened zone, ship crews and air traffic controllers will be alerted to a possible threat as soon as an accurate GOCE trajectory can be calculated.

GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) has a length of 5 m and a diameter of more than 1 m, at the start it weighed 1052 kg, and now it is 41 kg lighter - the weight of fuel, xenon, for an ion engine. The ESA believes that some parts of the satellite will most likely not burn up in the atmosphere and will be able to reach the surface of our planet. Experts believe that GOCE is most likely to fall into the ocean, because 70% of the Earth is covered with water, but the risk of falling debris on densely populated regions cannot be ruled out.

The GOCE mission, launched in March 2009, was supposed to last only 2 years, but thanks to moderate solar activity, fuel was saved and the mission was extended. GOCE's initial estimated orbital altitude was 255 km. After completing the main tasks of the mission in mid-2012, the GOCE orbit was lowered to 224 kilometers in order to make more detailed measurements. The change of orbit and operation at a lower altitude led to the rapid consumption of fuel, as a result, the tanks were empty, and now the satellite is uncontrollable.

Other interesting news:

▪ Panasonic will create TVs 16 times clearer than Full HD

▪ Increasing the strength of perovskite

▪ Car tires pollute the world's oceans with microplastics

▪ Extraction of clean water from fog

▪ Wind turbine without blades

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the website job descriptions. Article selection

▪ article I am an old soldier and do not know the words of love. Popular expression

▪ article Which nation was the first to invent concentration camps? Detailed answer

▪ article Mechanisms of occurrence and development of fires