Devices and lamps of electrical lighting installations. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Devices and lamps of electrical lighting installations. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Lighting

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To connect light sources to the electrical network, control them and ensure the required modes of operation of lighting, devices of lighting electrical installations are used, which include cartridges, switches, switches, sockets and plugs, starter devices for starting fluorescent lamps, etc.

According to the purpose, design and method of installation, suspension cartridges, reinforcing cartridges with a nipple or nipple neck, semi-hermetic suspension cartridges with a metal eye, ceiling and wall cartridges are distinguished. In accordance with the dimensions of the lamp bases, the cartridges are available with a thread of 14, 27 and 40 mm.

Single-pole switches and switches for voltages up to 250 V and currents up to 10 A are intended for switching electrical circuits of lighting electrical installations of alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz. Single-pole switches and switches of protected and hermetic designs for open and hidden installation must withstand at least 20 thousand disconnections. In order to increase the switching capacity and wear resistance, the contact parts of modern circuit breakers and switches are made of cermet, which allows them to withstand more than 200 thousand disconnections.

Devices and lamps of electrical lighting installations
Rice. 43. Switch connection

Switches and switchand are classified into rocker switches for concealed and outdoor installation, hermetic rotary switches, switches for concealed installation, etc.

Single-phase and three-phase electrical receivers (portable lamps, household electrical appliances, electrified tools, etc.) with rated currents up to 10 and 25 A for voltages up to 250 and 380 V to the electrical network, connection using plug connections, which consist of two main elements: sockets and plugs.

Plug sockets available with round and flat contacts. The use of flat contacts allows you to create a more reliable contact connection, reduce copper consumption and almost double the service life compared to round ones.

In rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous, two- and three-pole sockets with a grounding contact are used, to which the conductor of the grounding network is connected to connect portable electrical receivers to an electrical network with a voltage above 36 V.

Electric wires with a cross section of up to 2,5 mm2 can be connected to the terminals of two-pole socket outlets for currents up to 10 A, wires with a cross section of up to 16 mm can be connected to three-pole sockets for currents up to 25 A.

lighting fittings conditionally divided into fittings for incandescent lamps, mercury lamps and fluorescent lamps, depending on the light source.

Luminaire fittings for incandescent lamps and mercury lamps consists of a body and a cartridge fixed in it. A protective glass is attached to the body of closed pendant lamps from below to protect the lamp from dirt and mechanical damage, and an eyelet is installed on top for hanging the lamp to the supporting structure. The neck of the body of heavy fixtures mounted rigidly on a pipe is made in the form of a branch pipe with a 3/4" internal thread. Some types of luminaires are equipped with a special device - a byugel, which has two glands for separate sealed input of power supply wires and a hook for suspension.

There is a wide variety of luminaire designs that differ in lighting characteristics.

Most often, the luminaire fixture for fluorescent lamps is a metal case in which ballasts, lamp holders, starter holders and connecting wires are mounted. The luminaire is connected to the power supply network using clamps located under one of the caps of the suspension unit. A reflector is usually attached to the body of the fitting, on which, depending on the design of the luminaire, there is a shielding grille, protective glass or diffuser.

In terms of design, lighting performance and characteristics, luminaires must comply with working and environmental conditions, meet safety requirements, and be easy to maintain.

The disadvantage of fluorescent lamps and DRL, included in the AC network, are periodic changes in their luminous flux with a frequency equal to twice the frequency of the mains current. These changes in the luminous flux, which are not perceived by the human eye as a result of the inertia of vision, are very dangerous when lamps are used to illuminate moving objects. When the light flux pulsates, the perception of the actual speed and direction of movement of objects is distorted. For example, machine parts illuminated by fluorescent lamps and ADRs or processed objects rotating at a certain frequency may seem stationary and even rotate in the opposite direction. Therefore, when lighting rooms in which there are machines and mechanisms with rotating parts, circuits for switching on fluorescent lamps and DRLs are used, which eliminate unwanted and dangerous pulsations of the light flux.

Author: Bannikov E.A.

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