Fundamentals of the theory of power supply. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Fundamentals of the theory of power supply. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electric power supply

Electricity sources are power plants that are able to convert different types of energy into electrical energy. According to the types of energy used, power plants are divided into thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants.

Thermal power plants burn coal, oil or natural gas. The resulting heat converts the water in the boilers into steam, which in turn drives the generator rotors. Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

At nuclear power plants, the process of converting steam energy into mechanical and then into electrical energy is similar. The only difference is that nuclear power plants are fueled by radioactive elements that release heat during the decay reaction.

Hydroelectric power plants convert the energy of moving water into electrical energy.

There are also wind and solar power plants, geothermal, tidal, etc. (moving air flows, solar heat and groundwater heat, or the energy of sea tides and tides are converted into electrical energy).

Thermal power plants are divided into condensing and heating.

In condensing power plants, thermal energy is completely converted into electrical energy.

At cogeneration power plants (they are also called combined heat and power plants (CHP), thermal energy is converted into electrical energy only partially, and is mainly spent on supplying enterprises and residential buildings with steam and hot water. CHP plants are built near consumers of thermal energy. Condensing steam turbine power plants are usually built near places where coal, peat or oil shale are mined.

During the construction of hydroelectric power stations, the tasks of improving the navigation of rivers, irrigating arid lands, water supply, etc. are solved in parallel.

In areas where there are no fuel reserves and rivers with sufficient hydropower resources, it is quite advisable to build nuclear power plants (NPPs). Nuclear power plants operate on nuclear fuel, which is consumed in small quantities.

The electricity generated at the stations is transmitted to consumers via high voltage lines (110 kV and above) through step-up transformer substations.

In order to rationally distribute the load between power plants, efficiently use their capacities, increase the reliability of supplying consumers and supplying them with electrical energy with optimal indicators in terms of frequency and voltage, parallel operation of power plants is practiced on the common electrical network of the regional energy system, which includes power plants, power lines, network transformer substations and heating networks connected by the general mode of production and distribution of electrical and thermal energy. Many such systems are combined into a common electrical network and form large power systems of the republics, territories, etc.

Electrical networks are used for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy from power plants to the consumer and consist of switchgears (RU) and overhead or cable lines of various voltages. The power center (CP) is the switchgear of the generator voltage of the power plant or the switchgear of the secondary voltage of the step-down substation of the power system of the area.

There are electrical networks of direct and alternating current. DC networks include networks of electrified railways, subways, trams, trolleybuses, some networks of chemical, metallurgical and other enterprises. The supply of all other objects of industry, agriculture, municipal and household purposes is carried out by three-phase alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz.

Electric energy with a voltage of 6000, 10, 000 V is generated by turbochargers and hydrogenerators. It is not economically feasible to transmit electrical energy of such a voltage over long distances due to significant losses. Therefore, at step-up transformer substations built at power plants, it is increased to 20, 000 and 110 kV, and before reaching consumers at step-down transformer substations, it is reduced to 220, 500 and 35 kV.

The supply of electricity to industrial enterprises and cities is carried out through switchgear and substations, as close as possible to consumers.

The switchgear is used to receive and distribute electrical energy and contains switching devices, combined and connecting buses, auxiliary devices (compressor, battery, etc.), protection devices, automation, measuring instruments.

Switchgears are open (ORU) (the main equipment is located outdoors) and closed (ERU) (the equipment is located indoors).

An electrical installation that serves to convert and distribute electrical energy is called a substation and consists of transformers or other energy converters, switchgear, control devices and auxiliary facilities. Depending on whether transformers or other energy converters prevail on it, substations are called transformer (TP) or converter.

A device that is not part of a substation and is designed to receive and distribute electrical energy at one voltage without conversion and transformation is called a distribution point (DP).

The quality of electrical energy is characterized by frequency constancy and voltage stability within the established norms. The frequency is set by power plants for the entire power system as a whole.

Depending on the configuration of the network, the voltage level changes as it approaches the consumer, the conditions for loading equipment and the consumption of electrical energy. The voltages of electrical networks and electrical equipment are standardized.

Author: Bannikov E.A.

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