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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Household electrical appliances. Toasters. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Household Appliances Toaster - one of the oldest electrical appliances for breakfast. 2 thousand years ago, the Romans came up with a way to protect bread from spoilage: they removed moisture from bread by drying slices of bread over an open fire. This is how the first toasts appeared. These products are considered a traditional dish of English cuisine. At first they were cooked on a special grill or with a fork over an open fire. This was done in the kitchen and by the time the toasts hit the table, they had time to cool down. There are several versions of the invention of the toaster. According to one of them, an electric device for browning slices of bread was invented in England: it was offered to customers by the English company Crompton & Co in 1893. According to another, the first toaster was produced in 1909 by the American company General Electric. The advertising campaign was held under the characteristic slogan: "Breakfast without going into the kitchen!". The new appliance was located in the dining room or in the bedroom. The first toasters consisted only of a heating element. A piece of bread was placed on a wire grate connected to an electric current and heated. Turn the bread over to toast the other side. It is clear that the operation of the device had to be constantly monitored. The body of toasters appeared at the end of the XNUMXth century. The side surfaces of the body leaned down. The slices of bread were toasted on one side. In 1919, American Charles Straight patented the first automatic toaster. His appliance toasted bread simultaneously on both sides and was equipped with a timer. The time relay turned off the electricity, and a special spring threw the finished toast out of the toaster. The design of the toaster was as functional as its purpose: a strict rectangular shape, flat surfaces made of chromed metal, there were oblong slots for slices of bread on top, and a lever was located on the end to actuate the unit. Modern toasters are far removed in design from the austere metal structures of the past. Today, these are elegant devices of rounded shapes, in plastic cases that almost do not heat up, in a variety of colors - white, yellow, green, red, beige, brown, etc. A modern toaster has several operating modes: fast toasting at high power (about 1200 W), normal toasting for browning buns (850 W), toasting sandwiches or brown bread (650 W), toasting sliced loaf (400/200 W). All these parameters, including the color of the brown crust, are adjusted using a multi-position switch. Longer than the first toasters, the slot allows you to fry several slices of bread or a baguette cut lengthwise in one bookmark. In toasters equipped with a bread defrost mode, you can toast bread stored in the freezer for cases when there is no time or opportunity to go to the bakery. The process of toasting and achieving the desired result in modern toasters is monitored by a sensor that records the temperature inside the product. The extra lift function is used to remove small toasts. The automatic system turns off the device when toast gets stuck. Indicators notify about the inclusion of a particular mode. It is preferable to give a toaster with a ceramic heating element. When you turn it on, there is no unpleasant smell of hot metal. Some models of toasters are equipped with an automatic centering mechanism for slices of bread; in this case, the heating elements on both sides are at the same distance from the slices and brown them evenly. The toaster kit includes a protective cover against dust (during operation, the cover remains open, the blocking does not allow closing it before the toaster coils have cooled down), a special tray for bread crumbs, which is removed for periodic cleaning. Some models have handles for carrying the toaster, a trough in the body for winding the power cord, additional nozzles for toasting buns. In traditional toasters, slices of bread are inserted vertically, but there are already compact toaster ovens in which slices of bread are placed horizontally. In such models, you can cook not only toasts, but also hot sandwiches, pizza, pies, buns, pancakes. Such devices are exhibited under the names "roster", "mini-oven", "toaster-oven". Author: Bannikov E.A.
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