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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
The art of lighting in the interior of the apartment. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Lighting This article will focus on lighting and the correct distribution of light sources. To the apartment it was always light, you need to remember a few small rules: a) if the size of the housing allows, the walls of the rooms should be painted only in light colors (this rule should also be followed when pasting with wallpaper); b) in order to have more light in the room during the day (especially if the windows face the north side), it is recommended to use white tulle curtains or delicate pastel colors (pink, light yellow, light green, etc.), as they reflect very well sunlight; c) in order to create full-fledged artificial lighting in an apartment that contributes to psychological comfort, it is necessary to be able to correctly use various sources of artificial lighting: chandeliers, lamps, table lamps, sconces, etc.; d) in order for the glass to reflect sunlight well, they must be kept clean. It should be remembered that much more light enters the apartment through clean windows. But at the beginning of the XNUMXst century, life is impossible without artificial lighting. But hardly anyone thought what a big role the lighting of the apartment plays in life. Meanwhile, it is not only a connecting thread between day and night, but also one of the main psychological and hygienic factors of a normal existence. The problem of artificial lighting is very significant in the development of the decoration of the living quarters. It has not only aesthetic, but also psychological significance. When designing lighting for each room and the entire apartment as a whole, it must be remembered that each light source creates comfort for the eyes, contributing to the most favorable environment for relaxing, doing one or another work, etc. Light, as well as color, is able to increase or decrease the size of the room. For example, in order to reduce the size of a room, when developing a light and color solution, warm tones should be preferred. If the room is small, then to increase it, you can use fluorescent lamps or ordinary incandescent lamps with lampshades (plafonds) of cold shades. The aesthetic function of lighting is to match the lighting of the room, its color scheme and other design elements. You should be aware that the lighting design of a dwelling can affect a person's health. Improper lighting can cause headaches, increase fatigue, quicken the pulse, and affect metabolism. Very bright light is harmful to the eyes, as it can cause psychological discomfort. In addition, irrationally distributed light sources in some cases can provoke some allergic reactions, such as conjunctivitis. Thus, light can influence not only the sense of color, but also contribute to the creation of a working environment, solemnity, etc.; at the same time, it can cause a painful condition and psychological dissatisfaction. The distribution of light always depends on the purpose of the room. It can be central (as a rule, lamps suspended from the ceiling) and local. Each of these types of lighting has its own purpose: the central one illuminates the entire room, the local one - places for work or leisure. In the previous chapter, it was mentioned that all light sources are divided into incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps (fluorescent lamps). Incandescent lamps can differ not only in power, but also in the color of radiation, shape, etc. They can be used as central (general) or local lighting in various residential premises. Fluorescent lamps are more limited in use than incandescent lamps. They differ in form and purpose and are most often used for local lighting, as well as general lighting of kitchens, utility or industrial premises. Fluorescent lamps consume much less energy than incandescent lamps, so their use is more economical. There are details that create the prerequisites for harmonious lighting of the living space. Residential lighting according to its intended purpose is divided into several types: a) orientation; b) working; c) decorative. Orientation lighting This view is designed to illuminate the entire area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe living space. Incandescent lamps of greater or lesser power and fluorescent lamps (fluorescent lamps) are used. They can be placed in the hall, living room, bedroom, children's room, kitchen, bathroom, corridors and other residential areas. Fluorescent lamps are recommended as orientation lighting in kitchens, corridors and utility rooms. In some cases, fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate the bedroom. This is because they diffuse a soft matte color that is soothing to the nerves and does not irritate the eyes. Work lighting This type of lighting is designed to perform a particular activity. As a rule, local lighting is used as a working one. It can be used in the room and living room, bedroom, children's rooms, kitchen, corridors and hallways. In those places where it is planned to create working lighting, depending on the nature of the work, directional lighting lamps can be used so that the light stream falls only on the workplace. decorative lighting This type of lighting is designed to highlight any part of the interior in the room with the help of illumination and the color of the lamp: a corner, a table with a beautiful vase, a picture, tulle, curtains, etc. Sometimes it is called expositional (from Latin expositio - "exhibit"). For decorative lighting, various table lamps with colored lampshades, wall sconces and other lamps are used. In recent years, it has become fashionable to use the so-called multi-color rotating lamps, which create a cozy and intimate atmosphere in the room. One of the main components of the optimal lighting solution is the correct distribution of bright areas of light in a particular room, as well as the light intensity of a separate part of it. It consists in the compatibility of the degree of illumination and the color scheme of an object or area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe room. When designing the lighting of a particular room, it must be remembered that it should go in the direction from the ceiling to the floor, and not vice versa. This is due to the psychological perception of light levels. Otherwise, it will contribute to the appearance of visual inconvenience and cause irritation. The lightest part of the room should be the ceiling, which, as noted above, should be painted, whitewashed or pasted over with light-colored materials. The walls can be darker, according to the size of the room and its interior. The darkest part of the room can be its floor, painted with dark paint, pasted over with linoleum or covered with a carpet. Thus, greater or lesser illumination of a room depends not only on the location and intensity of the light source, but also on its color scheme, interior and other design elements. Another important element in the development of a lighting solution for a living space is the ability of various objects to reflect light. The entire luminous flux is divided into direct and reflected lighting. Direct lighting consists in hitting a light beam on an illuminated surface. Reflected lighting has the ability to refract light. Its main property is the reflection of a light beam from any surface. It must be remembered that rough, unpolished objects, as well as carpets, rugs, etc., have a lower degree of light refraction. Of all the interior items, perhaps only polished products are able to most clearly reflect the light falling on them. Therefore, they appear lighter than they really are. In addition to the correct distribution of bright areas and the ability to reflect light by certain objects, the difference between pale and bright areas of light is of great importance in the lighting solution of a living space. It is especially important in rooms designed for mental work. For example, in order to avoid visual and emotional overwork, it is necessary that a small central lighting reign in the room, and the place of work is additionally illuminated by a table lamp, the light of which would fall directly on a book, manuscript, etc. In addition, for a table lamp shade you should choose colors that are the least irritating to the eyes. Among them, the green color is the most favorable, as it is good for the eyes and does not cause fatigue. It must be remembered that the brightness of the light source may depend not only on its color, but also on the degree of power of the incandescent lamp. If it has a high power, then it scatters a brighter light than a lamp with a low power. This can be used in the design of the decoration of the living quarters. For example, chandeliers and lamps that spread yellow will emphasize the colors of the warm spectrum (red, orange, yellow, brown and their shades), and the colors of the cold spectrum (blue, cyan, green and their shades) will visually fade, discolor, that is change its original color to a more neutral one. Therefore, when choosing a color scheme for an apartment, it is necessary to think in advance about the sources of lighting so that all elements are in harmony with each other. Another important aspect when designing residential lighting is the ability of objects to cast a shadow using the direction of the light. It should be noted that there are two types of lighting: direct and reflected. Direct lighting, with its ability to create shadows, brings out the sharp edges of interior surfaces. The main advantage of reflected light is the creation of subdued lighting, which, as a rule, is not capable of shadow formation. In order for the distribution of light and shadow areas to be uniform, it is recommended to use no more than two light sources at the same time. In this case, one of them should be direct, and the other - reflected. In addition, it is desirable that with additional illumination (especially with three or more illumination sources), the light rays do not intersect. Otherwise, such lighting will contribute to the feeling of discomfort and cause irritation. And now a little about the lamps, which play an important role in the interior design and lighting solution of the living space. You need to know that all lamps are divided into several groups: a) general lighting fixtures; b) local lighting fixtures; c) combined lighting fixtures. General lighting fixtures (Fig. 68) include various multi-lamp chandeliers or single-lamp fixtures equipped with one shade.
Plafonds for lamps are produced from various materials: crystal, transparent or frosted glass, heat-resistant plastic, etc. Their goal is to evenly scatter light throughout the room. The shape of the lamps, as a rule, depends on the nature of the light scattered by them. It should be remembered that according to the nature of the scattered light, all general lighting fixtures are divided into 5 categories: a) direct lighting fixtures; b) lamps of predominantly direct lighting; c) lamps of uniformly diffused illumination; d) lamps of predominantly reflected lighting; e) lamps of reflected lighting. Local lighting fixtures (Fig. 69) can have a wide variety of shapes.
They are available as table lamps, single or double wall sconces, floor lamps, etc. Their task is to scatter light in a specific functional area: on the desktop, reading area in the living room or bedroom, in the kitchen. Among local lighting lamps, such lamps are in great demand, parts of which can move and change their position, resulting in a change in the direction of the light flux. These lamps are very convenient, because, depending on the setting, they can distribute both direct and reflected light (Fig. 70).
Combined lighting fixtures can be used simultaneously for both general and local lighting (Fig. 71).
They can be table and wall mounted, and involve the use of a high power incandescent lamp and a large diffused matt white or colored lampshade. Since they are able to perform a decorative function, they are often made from various expensive materials. So, for example, the industry produces lamps, the base of which is made of semi-precious ornamental stones, plexiglass, and special plastic alloys. The lampshades of such lamps are made of frosted white or colored glass, chintz, silk and other fabrics. As a rule, these lamps are beautiful, they are often used to decorate the interior of a room. As noted above, in some cases, when developing a design and lighting solution for a living space, a large place is given to the exposition type of decorative lighting in a room. For this, various wall or table combination lamps are used. In addition, to illuminate certain parts of the room, there are special low floor lamps with a mobile or stationary direction of the light flux. Consider some examples of lighting solutions for individual rooms. In the hall or living room, it is quite possible to use bright light, use multi-lamp chandeliers and other light sources. A place for reading and other types of relaxation can be decorated with a decorative table lamp, sconces, etc. In the bedroom, the light should not be very bright and annoying. For the purpose of physical and psychological comfort, it is recommended to hang a decorative sconce over the bed of each family member as a local source of light. The same sconce can be used for additional lighting of a mirror, trellis, etc. In the office or in a specially equipped part of the bedroom, in addition to the main light source suspended from the ceiling, it is recommended to equip some local lighting (for example, a table lamp) . In the kitchen, it is recommended to use both central lighting (on the ceiling) and local lighting (sconces, table lamps, etc.). It is recommended to illuminate the bathroom and toilet with both central and local light sources. In corridors and hallways, it is recommended to use light sources suspended from the ceiling or attached to the wall. Thus, the right combination of central (general) and local lighting sources, general, local and decorative lamps can create coziness, psychological comfort, and also emphasize the dignity of the interior. Zoning a room with different lighting may depend on the nature of light refraction and on the use of multi-colored lamps. According to the nature of light refraction, the stream of light can be directed directly and diagonally. The different direction of the light flux creates the feeling of the emergence of several functional zones. The room can be divided using various fixtures. So, in a place for rest and reading, you can install a colored decorative lamp, and illuminate the rest of the room with the help of general (central lighting). Author: Korshevr N.G.
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