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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Automobile security systems. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Automobile. Security devices and alarms For any driver, a car is a second home where he wants to feel comfortable and safe. The chapter on security systems talked about protecting the home, installing a fire alarm system, and protecting telephone lines from wiretapping. Therefore, it would be appropriate to devote an application to the issues of protecting a car from theft using mechanical and electronic systems. Automotive security systems Currently, the Russian anti-theft market is filled with a wide variety of devices - from the simplest mechanical designs of locking systems to the latest electronic ones, which use the best, proven security alarm techniques. Such systems are able to save a car even from a very experienced thief. Steering locks There are various designs of locking systems installed on the steering wheel. In almost every auto store you can see several of these models. The principle of operation of the lock: in the locked position, it prevents the steering wheel from turning. In fact, such a locking mechanism acts as an additional security line. The whole variety of models of steering anti-theft devices can be divided into three groups. 1. Devices that are fixed due to a certain position of the locking rod relative to the interior elements. For example, it can rest on the windshield or the A-pillar. A lock of this type covers the steering wheel in two places at once, which distinguishes it from other similar devices. To unlock it, the thief will have no choice but to break the steering wheel. But this device also has disadvantages: installing such a mechanism requires certain skills. In order for the anti-theft device to function normally, it is very important to select the appropriate steering wheel position in which the lock can be placed on it. Similar devices on our market are represented mainly by products made in Italy. 2. The so-called poker is a blocker, one end of which grips the steering wheel, the other the brake pedal. The advantage of this anti-theft agent is that one mechanism can block both the steering wheel and the brake system. Moreover, this device is suitable for almost all car models. Another advantage is that it does not cause any particular difficulties during installation. Some disadvantages include the presence of play when fixing the blocker. There are both domestic and imported systems on the market. 3. A device that fixes the steering wheel relative to the front panel of the cabin. According to the principle of operation, it is somewhat similar to the blockers of the previous group, but is distinguished by easier installation, which, naturally, can be attributed to its advantages. The disadvantage of this device is that it is not suitable for all car models. The fact is that the distance from the steering wheel to the top of the panel varies significantly in different cars. Therefore, the blocker should be selected according to the length of the locking rod. Mechanical anti-theft devices prevent the vehicle from being used by blocking the control pedals, gear shift and steering wheel. These designs are certainly useful and necessary, since they significantly increase the time required for theft. However, such systems do not prevent a thief from entering the vehicle. Sitting in it, an attacker can use the metal-cutting tools he has to remove the blockage. Therefore, it is best to install an electronic security system in your car. Based on their functional purpose, they can be divided into alarms and immobilizers. There are also systems of mixed type. Immobilizers Like mechanical locks, immobilizers are a means of passive protection. This device is an addition to the car's ignition switch. In working condition, the immobilizer breaks several important electrical circuits of the car, which makes it impossible to turn on the engine. This security device consists of a central unit, two code keys, a socket for a code key, an indicator LED, and connecting wires. Only the owner of the car should have access to control the operation of the immobilizer. The security device is turned off using a code key. An electronic code key is a microcircuit on which a unique code is written. The microcircuit is placed in a convenient case. The code key is inserted into a special socket and the immobilizer is turned off. After this, the car can be started. Immobilizers with manual code dialing are also used. In order to disable this device, you must enter the code set by the owner. One of the advantages of this security system is that it is often designed without connectors using single-color wiring, marked only at the ends of the conductors. After installation, the markings are removed, which makes it difficult for car thieves to dismantle the immobilizer. The immobilizer with a code key is easy to use: just insert the electronic key into the socket and the device is turned off. The downside is that the electronic key can be broken or lost. An immobilizer with a manual code set makes the car inaccessible to thieves, even if they took the key from the owner, since without entering the set code, known only to the owner, the device will not turn off and the car will not start. Although, on the other hand, the constant procedure for entering a code may seem burdensome. Electrical circuits that can be blocked by the immobilizer Cars with a gasoline engine: - power supply of the ignition system; - ignition coils (12 V); - starting the starter; - starting the electric fuel pump; - switching on the fuel solenoid valve (if installed); - injector control. Diesel vehicles: - a chain of inclusion of incandescent candles; - starting the starter; - starting the electric fuel pump; - switching on the fuel solenoid valve (if installed). Electronic alarms Electronic alarms are designed to actively protect the vehicle and are equipped with means that attract the attention of others. If an immobilizer increases the safety of the car, causing some inconvenience to the owner in the form of additional manipulations, then electronic alarms can minimize discomfort and create additional convenience due to service capabilities. The car alarm complex usually includes: - 2 code key fobs; - siren; - shock sensor; - blocking relay; - indicator LED; - connecting wires. The coded key fob serves as a remote control for the alarm. With its help, the owner of the car can turn it on and off from a distance. The guaranteed distance, usually indicated by the manufacturer, is about 10 m, but practically reaches 60-100 m. As mentioned above, modern alarms have a number of service capabilities. The latest car theft protection systems are equipped with special electronic codes that make them reliable in terms of information transfer and cryptographic strength. In addition, power outputs can be used for electric door locks and side lights, engine blocking and various additional devices. All this, acting together, turns the security system into a real watchman, and, in addition, some of these devices are organized so that the owner can manage the operation of the system at his own discretion. A stepwise algorithm for triggering such an alarm based on an impulse from each sensor can be implemented by the driver himself using a key fob. For example, when parking on the street, you can disable the external security zone of the volumetric sensor so that pedestrians passing by do not disturb unnecessarily. The same applies to the shock sensor. And if false alarms interfere with sleep, you can turn off the electronic sensors, leaving the limit switches on. A great convenience of such systems is the arming mode while the engine is running, which is especially attractive for busy people - those who are used to saving time. For example, you can warm up the engine before driving on a winter evening, while sitting at your desk and not worrying that someone will use these minutes to steal a car. In some systems, the owner still has at his disposal the “Panic” and “Anti-hi-jack” functions, which operate with a hidden period (30 s), as well as remote locking (unlocking) of doors and control of additional devices. Some devices may have several programmable functions, for example, a simple access mode, recording key fob codes into the processor memory, designed for several code combinations. Moreover, all codes are entered at the same time; if you try again, all previously recorded key fob codes will be erased. Therefore, those who like to “fit” their key fob into someone else’s processor memory are powerless in the face of such a system. Some imported devices are ideally adapted to Russian weather conditions and operate at air temperatures from -40 °C to +85 °C. Forgetful. If the owner of the car forgets to set the alarm, the security system will automatically turn on itself. Jealous. The trigger memory will tell the owner of the car in the morning how many people approached the car at night. car and left with nothing. Absent-minded. Additional remote control alarm devices will close the windows and sunroof if the owner machine forgot to do it. Lazy. There may be only one button on the remote control unit. According to their design, alarms are divided into compact and classic. Compact alarm It is made in the form of a monoblock, which contains almost all the elements of the system: - electronic components; - siren; - shock sensor or ultrasonic scanner; - blocking relay. This car alarm has minimal connections to the car wiring, which simplifies installation installation. Compact alarms perform only the necessary functions to protect the car and have relatively a small price. A significant disadvantage of this type of alarm is that all electronic components are located along with a siren under the hood; they are not protected from external influences, which contributes to various breakdowns, and also makes this device more vulnerable since the entire system is in one place. classic alarm This type of alarm includes: - a separate central unit; - siren; - external sensors; - blocking relay. The central unit is installed inside the car in a place protected from access and is not affected by atmospheric influences. Typically, a classic alarm system is supplemented with various sensors and actuators (control of the central locking, trunk lock, sunroof, power window). In addition, there is a large set of service functions. The alarm nodes are dispersed, which makes it more resistant to theft attempts. Installation work for installing such an alarm system is more complex and requires good knowledge of the car (Fig. 128).
Alarms are installed not only on cars, but also on motorcycles, where all control mechanisms are open and vital elements are vulnerable. Therefore, a security alarm for motorcycles will be useful. The alarm kit for a motorcycle contains the same components as for a car. During installation work, its elements should be masked very carefully. The location of alarm elements on a motorcycle is shown in Fig. 129.
When using a simple one-piece kit, it should be installed in an inaccessible location. The most effective in this case will be monoblocks with autonomous power supply. If you try to turn off such an alarm, the battery will work and will sound an alarm until the system is turned off or the battery runs out. Author: Korshevr N.G.
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