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First aid for electric shock. Indirect (closed) heart massage. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrical safety, fire safety

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Massage techniques were developed in the laboratory of experimental physiology for the revitalization of the body of the former USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.

Massage of the heart perform as follows. The chest of the victim is freed from clothing, laid on his back on a solid base.

For better blood flow to the heart, the victim's legs should be raised by about 0,5 m. It is very important to determine the place of pressure. For this, the lower end of the sternum is probed and a pressure point is found 3-4 cm above this place (Fig. 77).

Rice. 77. Determining the place of pressing on the sternum when performing an indirect heart massage.

The assisting person descends to the side of the victim, finds a pressure point and puts his palm on it so that the fingers do not touch the chest. The tone of the chest muscles in the victim is sharply reduced, so the effort of one hand is not enough to massage the heart.

To create more effort, the second hand is placed at a right angle on the back of the palm of the first hand. Thanks to this, it is possible to quickly (with a push) and strongly press on the sternum, which approaches the spine by 3-5 cm, compresses the heart (Fig. 78), and the blood from its cavities is pushed into the vessels of the systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Rice. 78. Performing an indirect (closed) heart massage: a - hand position; b - the moment of pressure on the sternum.

After the push, the sternum moves to its original position, and the heart, freed from the compressive force, is filled with blood coming from the veins.

Pressure frequency should be 60-80 times per minute (about 1 time per second) for adults and up to 100 times per minute for children. With such a rhythm, it is possible to maintain blood pressure for a long time, which is necessary for the life of the body until the restoration of independent work of the heart.

When performing a massage, do not press on the end of the ribs or on the soft tissues adjacent to the sternum (you can break the ribs and damage the internal organs).

When pressing on the sternum, you should not bend your arms at the elbow joints. After the push, the hands relax, but do not remove from the sternum. For children, external heart massage should be performed with one hand, pressing the thumb or two (index and middle) on the lower part of the sternum.

With the simultaneous performance of artificial respiration and heart massage, the ratio of the number of breaths to the number of pressures on the sternum is determined by the number of participants providing first aid. When one person does this, then at first he 2-3 times blows air into the victim's lungs (this takes no more than 10-15 seconds), and then, after a two-second break (necessary to complete breathing), presses the sternum 15-20 times (which takes another 15-20 seconds). If first aid is provided by two people, then one does artificial respiration, and the other - a heart massage. In this case, after each injection into the lungs of the victim and a two-second pause, 5-6 compressions are performed on the sternum.

The effectiveness of the measures taken will be indicated by the appearance of a pulse (on the carotid artery on the neck or on the radial artery on the wrist), restoration of breathing, improvement in complexion (from earthy gray it will become pinkish). The most accurate indicator of the effectiveness of assistance is the constriction of the pupils: this fact indicates that oxygen has begun to flow into the brain.

At the first signs of recovery, indirect heart massage and artificial respiration should be continued continuously for 5-10 minutes.

A prolonged absence of a pulse with the appearance of breathing and other signs of revival of the body indicates the presence of cardiac fibrillation. In this case, only a doctor can provide effective assistance with the help of a defibrillator device. First aid is provided, if possible, at the scene. It is necessary to transfer the victim to another place in cases where he continues to be in danger of electric shock or when it is impossible to provide first aid on the spot.

Do not put the victim on damp or frozen ground, on a stone, concrete or metal floor. After all, if breathing and blood circulation are disturbed, a person quickly loses heat, the processes of thermoregulation are lost. Therefore, the victim must be laid on some kind of bedding, warm, covering him with the clothes at hand. There is a harmful prejudice that it is necessary to bury the victim in the ground to divert an electric charge. Under no circumstances should such actions be allowed.

Artificial respiration should be performed continuously until a positive result is achieved or indisputable signs of actual death (cadaveric spots or rigor mortis) appear, which the doctor must establish. An indirect heart massage, as well as artificial respiration, should be able to be performed by everyone. This can be learned in special classes. The one who will play the role of the victim should lie on the floor or on the table and relax the muscles as much as possible. Before each 5-6 rhythmic pressures, he takes a deep breath, and at the moment of pressure does not prevent the exit of air from the lungs (the air comes out in parts at the time of each pressure). The most effective and expedient in a situation where the victim is not breathing and his pulse is not palpable is to produce a complex revival: 2-3 deep breaths - 15-20 seconds heart massage, etc.

When the victim comes to his senses, he must be given a large amount of liquid to drink, laid down, covered with a warm blanket, and until the doctor arrives, monitor his condition (breathing, temperature, pulse). If possible, the victim must be urgently hospitalized.

Author: Korshevr N.G.

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