Limiting and rectifier-limiting diodes. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Limiting and rectifier-limiting diodes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Radio amateur designer

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Radio-electronic and electrical equipment must contain protection elements that guarantee safe and reliable operation in various situations - in case of overvoltage during transients, static electricity discharges or as a result of lightning strikes that induce high-voltage surges.

As protection elements, voltage limiters (arresters, varistors, semiconductor voltage limiters) or current limiters (resistors, PTC thermistors) are used.

Voltage limiters prevent electrical breakdown and protect components from damage. Two types of elements are used as voltage limiters: elements that switch to a low-impedance state (have an S-shaped current-voltage characteristic), for example, gas-filled arresters, as well as voltage limiters that fix a given level on the protected device and go into a state with a low dynamic resistance, such as varistors, semiconductor diode voltage suppressors or protective diodes (TSV diodes - Transient Voltage Suppressor).

In the arrester, when the voltage of the avalanche breakdown of the gas gap is reached, the resistance changes abruptly from several GΩ to a value of less than 1 Ω. After the termination of the overvoltage exposure, the arrester returns to its original high-impedance state.

For small-sized arresters, the breakdown voltage is 70 ... 5000 V, the permissible overload current is 0,5 ... 60 kA, the capacitance is 1 ... 20 pF, the voltage drop is ≤ 25 V, the insulation resistance is 1 ... 10 GΩ, leakage current - less than 10 nA. The overvoltage response time of the arresters depends on the rate of voltage rise and is 0,25 µs...2 s. Their main disadvantage is a limited resource.

The response time of varistors (resistance varies depending on the applied voltage) is 0,5...25 ns, the overload current is more than 1000 A, the acting voltage is 1...2 kV. Their main drawback is the high degradation of parameters as overloads are applied.

Semiconductor diode voltage limiters fix the specified voltage level on the protected device. When the operating voltage is exceeded, a reversible avalanche breakdown of the diode occurs, it goes into a state with low dynamic resistance. In this state, the diode suppressor diverts the surge current from the protected object and absorbs voltage surges that exceed the breakdown voltage. The response time to overvoltage is several nanoseconds (depending on the design), pulse current - up to hundreds of amperes, pulse power - more than 1 kW, fixed voltage - 3 ... 400 V, capacitance - less than 50 pF.

In table. 1 shows the parameters of various types of limiters.

Table 1. Parameters of different types of limiters
Parameter Dischargers Varistors zener diodes Clamp Diodes
Operating voltage range, V 70 10000 ... 1000 2000 ... 2,4 200 ... 0,7 3100 ...
Range of permissible pulse currents, A 0,5 60000 ... 1000 100 10 600 ...
Response time range, ns 250...2 sec 0,5 25 ... 10 100 ... 0,001 0,1 ...
Interelectronic capacitance, pF 1 20 ... 200 1500 ... 20...100 000 2...100 000
Working temperature ° C -55 ... + 130 -40...+ 125 -60 ... + 170 -60 ... + 170

As can be seen from Table. 1, the fastest are semiconductor diode voltage suppressors. Previously, they had the same designation as zener diodes. Now there is a new version of their designation:

where: 1 - material (K - silicon);

2 - type of device (P - voltage limiter);

3 - functional pulse power (2 - 1,5 kW; 3 - 5 kW; 4 - more than 5 kW (15 kW));

4 - serial number of development;

5 - type rating (A - group by voltage limit);

6 - constructive (C - symmetrical).

An example of a symbol for rectifier-limiting diodes:

where: 1 - type of device (D - diode);

2, 3 - purpose (B - rectifier, O - restrictive);

4 - polarity (1 - direct polarity, 2 - reverse polarity);

5 - group (01 - breakdown voltage group);

6 - current (35 - maximum allowable average forward current, A).

In table. 2 and 3 show the parameters of limiting and rectifier-limiting diodes manufactured by Russian manufacturers.

Voltage limiters are designed to protect equipment from overvoltages caused by transient and switching processes, static electricity discharges and induced electromagnetic pulses of a different nature in DC and AC electrical circuits.

Rectifier-limiting diodes are designed to convert alternating current to direct current and limit the overvoltage level in automotive generators and powerful rectification and energy conversion devices. In the mode of powerful zener diodes, they can be used in electric motor control systems, battery chargers.

In table. 2 and 3, the following designations are adopted: U_{ogre, and} - impulse voltage limitation; I_{ogre, and} - pulse current limiting, I_arr - reverse current; U_at - pulse forward voltage; αU_samples- temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage; R_{arr, and} - pulse reverse power; R_{τ p-to} - thermal resistance transition-housing; T_okr - permissible ambient temperature; U_samples - breakdown voltage; I_{pr, wed} - constant average forward current; I_{pr, oud} - shock direct current; t_{arr, vos} - recovery time; T_corp - allowable body temperature.

Table 2. Diode voltage suppressors
Diode type U_ogre,
В U_{ogre, and},
В I_{ogre, and},
А |_{arr max}(U_arr),
μA U_at,
В αU_samples,
%/°C Р_{arr, i, max},
kW R_{τ p-to},
ºС/W Т_okr,
ºС Type of shell Analogue
KR4.03A 32±1,6 48,2 311 5 (25,9 B) - J0,082 15 - -60 ... + 70 KD-11A RO-5) -
Б 42±2,4 66,3 226 5 (34 B) - - "- - "- - - "- - "- -
В 54±2,7 82,4 182 5 (43,7 B) - - "- - "- - - "- - "- -
Г 60±3 96,8 155 5 (48,6 B) - - "- - "- - - "- - "- -
KR4.04A 32±1,6 48,2 519 5 (25,9 B) - - "- 25 - -60...+ 170 KD-11A (O-5) -
Б 42±2,1 66,3 377 5 (34 B) - - "- - "- - - "- - "- -
В 54±2,7 82,4 303 5 (43.6 B) - - "- - "- - - "- - "- -
Г 60±3 96,8 258 5 (48,6 B) - - "- - "- - - "- - "- -
KR192AS 18±0,5 19 (0,2 A) - 250 (16 B) - - 0,3 - - KT-46 (SOT-23) -
35±1 38 (0,2 A) - 250 (32 B) - - - "- - - - "- -
KR192BS 41±1 45±1 (0,2 A) - 250 (36 B) - - - "- - - CT-46 -
KR192VS1 115 120 ... - - 100 (110 B) - - 0,3 (20 µs) - - - "- -
BC1 230 240 ... - - - "- - - - "- - - - "- -
BC2 100 110 ... - - 100 (100 B) - - - "- - - - "- -
BC2 200 220 ... - - - "- - - - "- - - - "- -
KR227A 20,9 23,1 ... 30,8 (1 mA) 49 5 (18,8 B) - - 1,5 (1ms) - - KD-7D (DO-27) 1,5KE22A;
1N6279
Б 22,8 25,2 ... 33,2 45 5 (20,5 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE24A;
1N6280
В 24,4 .... 28,4 37,5 40 5 (22 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE27; 1N6281
KR231A 6,45 7,14 ... 10,5 143 1000 (5,8 B) - - - "- - - KD-7D (DO-27) 1,5KE6U8;
1N6267
Б 7,13 7,88 ... 13,3 132 500 (6,4 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE7U5;
1N6268
В 7,79 8,61 ... 12,1 124 200 (7.02 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE8U2;
1N6269
Г 8,65 9,55 ... 13,4 112 50 (7,78 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE9U1;
1N6270
Д 9,5 10,5 ... 11,45 103 5 (8,55 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE10A; - 1N6271
Е 10,5 11,6 ... 15,6 96 5(9,4V) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE11A;
1N6272
Ж 11,4 12,6 ... 16,7 90 5 (10,2 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE12A;
1N6273

Diode type U_ogre,
В U_{ogre, and},
В I_{ogre, and},
А |_{arr max} (U_arr),
μA U_at,
В αU_samples,
%/°C Р_{arr, i, max},
kW R_{τ p-to},
ºС/W Т_okr,
ºС Type of shell Analogue
И 12,4 13,7 ... 18,2 82 5 (11,1 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE13A;
1N6274
К 14,3 15,8 ... 21,2 71 5 (12,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE15A;
1N6275
Л 15,2 16,8 ... 22,5 67 5 (13,6 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE16A;
1N6276
М 17,1 18,9 ... 25,2 59,5 5 (15,3 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE18A;
1N6277
Н 19 21 ... 27,7 54 5 (17,1 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE20A;
1N6278
П 20,9 23,1 ... 30,6 49 5 (18,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE22A;
1N6279
Р 22,8 25,2 ... 33,2 45 5 (20.5 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE24A;
1N6280
С 25,7 28,4 ... 37,5 40 5 (23,1 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE27A;
1N6281
KR231T 28,5 31,5 ... 41,5 36 5 (25,6 B) - - - "- - - KD-7D 1,5KE30A,
1N6282
У 31,4 34,7 ... 45,7 33 5 (28,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE33A,
1N6283
Ф 34,2 37,8 ... 49,9 30 5 (30,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE36A,
1N6284
Х 37,1 41 ... 53,9 28 5 (33,3 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE39A,
1N6285
Ц 40,9 45,2 ... 59,3 25,3 5 (36,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE43A,
1N6286
Ш 44,7 49,4 ... 64,8 23,2 5(40,2V) - - - "- - - - "- 1,5KE47A,
1N6287
KR232A 6,5 7,14 ... 10,5 57,1 1000 (5,8 B) - - 0,6 (1ms) - - KD-4V (DO-41) R6KE6U8D
Б 7,1 7,88 ... 11,3 53,1 500 (6,4 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE7U5A
В 7,8 8,61 ... 12,1 49,6 200 (7 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE8U2A
Г 8,7 9,55 ... 13,4 44,8 50 (7,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE9U1A
Д 9,5 10,5 ... 14,5 41,1 5 (8,6 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE10A
Е 10,5 11,6 ... 15,6 38,5 5(9,4V) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE11A
Ж 11,4 12 ... 16,7 35,9 5 (10,2 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE12A
И 12,4 13,7 ... 18,5 30,5 5 (11,1 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE13A
К 14,3 15,8 ... 21,2 28,3 5 (12,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE15A
Л 15,2 16,8 ... 22,5 26,7 5 (13,6 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE16A
М 17,1 18,9 ... 25,2 23,8 5 (15,3 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE18A
Н 19 21 ... 27,7 21,7 5 (17,1 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE20A
П 20,9 23,1 ... 30,6 19,6 5 (18,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE22A
Р 22,8 25,2 ... 33,2 18,1 5 (20,5 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE24A
С 25,7 28,4 ... 37,5 16 5 (23,1) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE27A
Т 28,5 31,5 ... 41,5 14,5 5 (25,6 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE30A
У 31,4 34,7 ... 45,7 13,1 5 (28,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE33A
Х 37,1 41 ... 53,9 11,1 5 (33,3 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE39A
Ц 40,9 45,2 ... 59,3 10,1 5 (36,8 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE43A

Diode type U_ogre,
В U_{ogre, and},
В I_{ogre, and},
А |_{arr max} (U_arr),
μA U_at,
В αU_samples,
%/°C Р_{arr, i, max},
kW R_{τ p-to},
ºС/W Т_okr,
ºС Type of shell Analogue
Ш 44,7 49,4 ... 64,8 9,3 5 (40,2 B) - - - "- - - - "- R6KE47A
KR233A; AC 5 6,2 ... 7,4 201,6 5 (5 B) 1,1
(100 A) 0,082 1,5 (1ms) 0,8 -60...+ 170 KD-7E
(DO-201) -
B; BS 5,8 7,5 ... 9 166,6 5 (6 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE6U8A;
1,5KE6USA
AT; sun 7,1 9,1 ... 10,9 137,6 5 (7,37 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE7U5A;
1,5KE7U5SA
G; HS 8,7 11 ... 13,2 113,6 5(8,9V) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE10A;
1,5KE10CA
D; DC 10,6 13,3 ... 16 94 5 (10,8 B) 1,1 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE12A;
1,5KE12CA
E; EU 12,9 16,4 ... 19,7 76,2 5 (13,3 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE15A;
1,5KE15CA
KR233ZH; ZhS 16,2 19,8 ... 23,8 63,1 5 (16 B) 1,1 0,082 1,5 0,8 -60 ... + 170 KD-7E 1,5KE18A;
1,5KE18CA
AND; IP 18 19,2 ... 22,8 65,8 5 (15,55 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
TO; KS 18,8 20,2 ... 24 62,5 5 (16,4 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
L; LS 19,8 21,2 ... 25,2 59,5 5 (17,2 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
M; MS 20,8 22,2 ... 26,4 56,8 5 (18 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
H; NS 21,8 23,2 ... 27,6 54,3 5 (18,8 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
P; PS 22,8 24,2 ... 28,8 52 5 (19,6 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
R; RS 23,8 25,2 ... 30 50 5 (20,4 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
FROM; SS 24,8 26 ... 31 48,4 5 (21 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
T; TS 24,2 29,5 ... 35,4 42,4 5 (23,9 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE27;
1,5KE27CA
U; US 29,1 36 ... 43,6 34,7 5(29,2V) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE33;
1,5KE33CA
F; FS 35 43 ... 51,6 29,1 5 (34,8 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE39;
1,5KE39CA
X; XC 42,5 51,5 ... 61,8 24,3 5 (41,7 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE47;
1,5KE47CA
C; CA 50,5 61,5 ... 73,8 20,3 5 (49,8 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE56;
1,5KE56CA
W; ShS 61 75 ... 75,1 20 5 (60, 75 V) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE68,
1,5KE68CA
KR234A; AC 74 90 ... 108 18,9 5 (72, 9 V) 1,1 0,082 1,5 0,8 -60...+170 KD-7E 1,5KE82,
1N6293;
1,5KE82CA
B; BS 89,6 110 ... 132 13,6 5 (89,1 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE100,
1N6295;
1,5KE100CA
AT; sun 108 132 ... 158,4 11,4 5 (106,9 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE120;
1N6297;
1,5KE120CA
G; HS 117 143 ... 171,6 10,5 5 (115,8 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE130;
1N6298;
1,5KE130CA
D; DC 135 165 ... 198 7,6 5 (133,65 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE150,
1N6299;
1,5KE150CA
E; EU 162 198 ... 237,6 6,3 5 (160,4 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE180;
1N6302;
1,5KE180CA
AND; ZhS 180 220 ... 264 5,7 5 (178,2 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE200;
1N6303;
1,5KE200CA
AND; IP 198 242 ... 290,4 5,2 5 (196 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE220;
1,5KE220CA

Diode type U_ogre,
В U_{ogre, and},
В I_{ogre, and},
А |_{arr max} (U_arr),
μA U_at,
В αU_samples,
%/°C Р_{arr, i, max},
kW R_{τ p-to},
ºС/W Т_okr,
ºС Type of shell Analogue
TO; KS 225 275 ... 330 4,5 5 (222,75 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE250;
1,5KE250CA
L; LS 270 330 ... 396 3,8 5 (267,3 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- 1,5KE300;
1,5KE300CA
KR301A; AC 5 6,2 ... 8,1 617,3 5 (5 B) 1,1
(100 A) 0,082 5 0,8 -60...+170 KD-7 -
B; BS 5,8 7,5 ... 9,8 510,2 5 (6 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
AT; sun 7,1 9,1 ... 11,9 420,2 5 (7,4 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
G; HS 8,7 11 ... 14,4 347,2 5(8,9V) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
D; DC 10,6 13,3 ... 17,4 283,3 5 (10,8 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
E; EU 12,9 16,4 ... 21,5 232,5 5 (13,3 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
AND; ZhS 16,2 19,8 ... 25,9 193 5 (16 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
AND; IP 18 19,2 ... 24,9 200,8 5 (15,6 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
TO; KS 225.275 360,2 13,9 5 (222,8 B) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
L; LS 270 330 ... 432,3 11,6 5 (267,3) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- -
KR458A 340 400 ... 350 - 5 (350 B) - "- - "- 10 - "- - "- CT-43 -

Table 3. Rectifier-limiting diodes
Diode type U_samples, V at
I_arr = 5 mA U_{ogre, and}, V at
I_ogre = 45 A I_{pr, wed},
А U_{pr, oud},
В I_{etc., max} А
(at I_etc.) I_{arr, max} (U_samples),
μA t_{arr, vos, max}

>μs R_{t, p-k},

°С/W Т_okr,
° C
DVO101-35; DVO201-35 18 19 ... 21 35 360 1 (35 A) 10 (15 B) 1 0,8 -60 ... + 175
DVO102-35; DVO202-35 19 20 ... 22 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO103-35; DVO203-35 20 21 ... 23 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO104-35; DVO204-35 21 22 ... 24 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO105-35; DVO205-35 22 23 ... 25 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO106-45; DVO206-45 18 19 ... 21 45 - "- 1 (45 A) - "- - "- 0,6 - "-
DVO107-45; DVO207-45 19 20 ... 22 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO108-45; DVO208-45 20 21 ... 23 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO109-45; DVO209-45 21 22 ... 24 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO110-35; DVO210-35 35 36 ... 38 (30 A) 35 - "- 1 (35 A) 10 (31 B) - "- 0,8 - "-
DVO111-35; DVO211-35 36 37 ... 39 (30 A) - "- 330 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO112-35; DVO212-35 37 38 ... 40 (30 A) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO113-35; DVO213-35 38 39 ... 41 (30 A) - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO114-45; DVO214-45 22 23 ... 25 45 360 1 (45 A) 10 (15 B) - "- 0,6 - "-
DVO115-35, DVO215-35 23 24 ... 26 35 - "- - "- - "- - "- 0,8 - "-
DVO116-35; DVO216-35 24 25 ... 27 - "- - "- "- "- "- - "- - "-
DVO117-35; DVO217-35 25 26 ... 28 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO129-50; DVO229-50 18 19 ... 21 50 500 1 (50 A) - "- - "- 0,6 - "-
DVO130-50; DVO230-50 19 20 ... 22 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO131-50; DVO231-50 20 21 ... 23 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO132-50; DVO232-50 21 22 ... 24 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO133-50; DVO233-50 22 23 ... 25 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO134-50; DVO234-50 23 24 ... 26 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO135-50; DVO235-50 24 25 ... 27 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-
DVO136-50; DVO236-50 25 26 ... 28 - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "- - "-

Author: Anatoly Nefedov

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