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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The order of assembly of computer components. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Computers The article discusses in detail the issue of proper assembly of a computer from various components. Over the past few years, the so-called "advanced" users have developed a stereotype that a modern PC is a LEGO constructor, and it is not difficult to assemble it from individual components. For experienced assemblers, this is true, but "theorists" may face serious problems, especially considering that an impressive number of new CPUs have recently appeared with support for new proprietary technologies and sockets for them with various types of power supply, several varieties of RAM, new chipsets with their own characteristics, the SATA standard has become widespread. When assembling a computer on your own, certain dangers may lie in wait for you: buying incompatible components, damage to equipment (chipped cores and torn off legs from the CPU, burned memory, broken SATA connectors - a common thing), problems identifying the reasons for the inoperability of the assembled system, etc. This article will help you choose the right equipment, most rationally assemble and configure your PC. CPU and cooler installation Processor The first and one of the most crucial steps in assembling a computer is the correct installation of the central processor in the socket. Naturally, the CPU must be supported by the motherboard, which must be remembered when buying, more precisely, the selected processor model determines the platform. This is especially noticeable in AMD: Low-End CPU - SocketA, Middle-End CPU - Socket734, High-End CPU - Socket939, Ultra High-End CPU -Socket940. For the correct installation of the CPU on the motherboard, there is a special key that shows how the processor should be oriented when installed in place. The key itself is made in the form of a beveled corner, both on the socket and on the base of the processor (or it can be a small triangle). That is, the identically marked corners (both on the process and on the socket) must coincide with each other. You also need to familiarize yourself with how the opening / closing of the CPU socket itself occurs, which can be found in the documentation for the motherboard. Particular attention should be paid to CPUs intended for installation in LGA775, since very thin pads and connectors (which you should not touch at all) can deteriorate due to their small size, and then it will be almost impossible to restore the original state. In the process of fixing the CPU, you need to pay attention to the fact that the processor itself must enter the socket very freely (as if by itself), while all the corners of the substrate must be at the same level relative to the socket. You have to be careful with the legs, which tend to bend or even break off at the corners with careless handling. If this happens (one or more contacts are bent), it is worth bending them back extremely smoothly and carefully, but even with a “fatal” outcome for the foot, it can be replaced with a piece of thin wire inserted into the corresponding socket hole (there were such cases in our test laboratory ), but at your own risk. Cooler The choice of cooler also depends on the platform. There are many different models of coolers for SocketA and Socket478, and you can find universal devices that support installation on both types of sockets. The same type of cooling is suitable for processors based on AMD Athlon 64 (Socket 939/940), but certain problems may arise with LGA775, since it is very difficult to find a cooling device for this platform (not all liquid systems are suitable either). The only universal cooler suitable for all the platforms described above is the Thermaltake Silent Tower (at the time of this writing), which will easily maintain a comfortable thermal regime for any system. Fixing the cooler Before fixing the heatsink with a fan on the CPU, it is first recommended to perform a trial operation without a processor, with an empty socket, in order to evaluate the stiffness of the spring and understand how and from which side it is more convenient to hold the cooling device, what force to apply when snapping the fasteners (this is especially true for the CPU open core). Before installing the cooler on the processor, smear it with thermal paste (for example, ALSIL-3 or KPT-8), and before that, it would be best to wipe both contact areas with alcohol (for degreasing and, therefore, improving heat transfer). Thermal paste is applied in a thin layer (the thinner the better), the goal is to fill in micro-scratches. This method has proven itself well: a few small drops are applied to the surface of the core or a metal plate that covers it (the CPU is already in the socket!), after which the cooler must be very carefully moved over the processor. If everything is done correctly, then both nodes will be attracted to each other. Next, the heatsink is pressed tightly against the CPU with one hand, and the clip snaps into place with the other hand. When doing this, it is very important not to tilt the cooler to any side, so as not to damage the processor itself (it doesn't matter if the core is open or not!). It happens that motherboard manufacturers do not think about the size of the heat exchanger, and place a lot of elements interfering with the installation near the socket (as a rule, stabilization coils and capacitors), in such a situation, you should not be afraid to gently bend the protruding parts. Sometimes there is a need for the opposite action, that is, the removal of the cooler and processor. The main thing here is to try not to bend the legs, and for this you need the CPU to come out evenly from all sides and move vertically upwards relative to the motherboard. When removing a heatsink from an Athlon 64, it often happens that the cooler is removed together with the processor. In this case, after removing the system from the socket, both parts (radiator and CPU) must be slowly twisted around its axis and then everything will come apart without any problems. With reconnections, you should be especially careful on the LGA775 platform, since, according to some information, the pads wear out after about 20 times. Fan connection It is very important not to forget to power the cooler fan! If you connect to the electrical circuit through the Molex 8981-04P connector (white four-pin block), BlOS will not display information about the speed of rotation of the blades, but sometimes there is an additional yellow wire, which is the output of the tachometer and is connected to the CPU_FAN connector on the motherboard . When turned on correctly, the frequency at which the fan is spinning will be displayed. Some cooling systems can be connected through a reobas, a regulator, a temperature sensor or a resistance that reduces the speed (and, accordingly, the noise emitted) - in this situation, rpm will not be displayed (however, this does not always happen, and there are hardware rotation indicators). BIOS Setup Even before the processor is smeared with thermal paste and finally installed in the socket along with the cooler, it is very important to find out the operating parameters of the processor, that is, the clock frequency and supply voltage, bus frequency and maximum operating temperature. All this is recognized through the markings on the CPU case. Detailed information about AMD products can be found at amd.com/ru-ru (where the Processor_Recognition_Rev05_RUS.pdf document is downloaded from) read about Intel at: processorfinder.intel.com - an online page where, by specifying the marking, you can find out the characteristics. In the future, the clarified values \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbmust be set in the BIOS ("Frequency / Voltage Control" menu), since automatic detection does not always work correctly, and it often happens that a powerful processor works at half its capacity. Also be sure to go to the "PC Health" menu and look at the CPU temperature. If the cooler was installed badly (skewed or has poor contact with the core), it will be immediately obvious: the temperature will be too high for this processor model, which will lead to its failure after a while. It should be remembered that in the case of AMD processors, it is necessary to focus on the real frequency, and not on the rating. In different BlOS'ax, the bus frequency can be set both in the form of a nominal (real) frequency and in the form of an effective one. The processor clock speed should be obtained by multiplying the multiplier by the system bus frequency. The purchased processor may turn out to be defective (this happens even in large reputable stores) or already burned out (when buying "from hand"), and then the postcoder (which is built into modern motherboards) will always light "00" when turned on. Insert memory There are four main types of RAM currently available on the market: DDR, DDR II, Registered DDR, Dual Channel DDR. The choice of memory type and how to install it also depends on the platform. Socket478 supports dual-channel memory. As a rule, CPUs with an FSB frequency of 800 MHz require RAM to work in Dual DDR mode (LGA775). The NVIDIA nForce2 chipset, which normally supports Dual DDR, is capable of organizing such a combination at a high frequency (dual-channel memory - processor). Usually, to enable dual mode, the installation of memory modules occurs through the slot (for example, in the first and third), and most motherboard manufacturers specially color the paired slots in the same color, and for more accurate information, you should consult the user manual. In the general case (provided that the motherboard supports it) Dual DDR can be organized on Socket478, SocketA, Socket939 platforms - the rest require special memory or RAM only in normal mode. So, for example, the AMD Athlon 64 memory controller (connecting to Socket754) does not have the ability to work in dual mode (because the processor physically lacks the number of legs), while Socket940 requires a special Registered DDR (from a technical point of view, in Russian language it is correct to translate as "buffered" and not "registered" memory). Due to the external similarity of the various modules, users sometimes insert the wrong memory into the slot. It also happens that users insert the bar on the wrong side (you need to make sure that the memory entered the slot with all the contacts, and not just the first ones - the key prevents the module from being inserted incorrectly). Some manage to shove the module upside down. Such errors can lead to burning or failure of the module and board. To avoid this, before purchasing, you need to read the User's Guide of the motherboard, which memory is suitable for this motherboard model and how to install it correctly. Memory setting in BIOS This is an important operation, since the performance of the system directly depends on the memory settings (in general, you can gain about 5% compared to the lowered "default" values). Unfortunately, there is no single name for all the options we need, and each motherboard manufacturer chooses which menu they are in, we can only give some of the most common headings. When buying a memory module, a certain sequence of numbers is usually written (otherwise it is called a formula), which indicate the time intervals in the operation of the chips. The memory formula consists of three digits, for example, 5-2-2, and denotes, respectively, RAS-RAS_to_CAS-CAS access time to address cells. These values should be set opposite the corresponding parameter names (for example, "DRAM RAS # Latency", "Tras", "Row Address Strobe" are often used to denote the first digit). Also, due to incorrect setting of the bus frequency or timing parameters, problems may occur when the computer is turned on (initial initialization occurs, after which it crashes in the form of a reboot, shutdown or freeze). In such a situation, it is necessary to increase one or all of the timings or lower the bus frequency. In any case, you need to strive for their optimal value - the shorter the access time, the faster the data is processed. Video card Video cards and the features of their connection are also quite diverse, so you should be no less careful here so as not to make a mistake when choosing and installing. There are two slots for connecting graphics cards - AGP and PCI Express 16x. The first one is older, runs at a lower speed and supports only one device of this type (except for specification number 3.0, where there may be two). The AGP 3.0 standard describes four operating speeds (from 1x - 266 Mb/s to 8x -2 Gb/s). There is its extension -AGP Pro (increased length of the slot for supplying additional power, but in reality there are very few boards for this connector). AGP boards are compatible with the AGP Pro connector. The main difference of the second bus (PCI Express 16x) is that it is serial and supports data transfer rates up to 8 Gb/s. The electrical power that can be supplied via this bus has also increased, so new video cards may well do without additional power. When installing a modern graphics accelerator, do not forget about the required additional power supply and connect the connector (Molex) from the PSU. Symptoms that indicate its absence are expressed as a message on the screen before booting the computer, beeps from the PC Speaker, no image (the method of notifying the user varies by manufacturer). AGP settings in BIOS In BlOS, it is desirable to change some parameters related to the AGP slot, which, however, do not have a critical effect on performance. If the system has a PCI adapter and an AGP adapter installed at the same time, in the "Init Display First" option, you can choose which one will be initialized first (system messages will be displayed on it before the OS is loaded). "AGP Aperture Size" (AGP aperture size) is better to be set to 64-128 MB, although this does not affect anything for new models, since this function remains unused. According to some reports, a smaller value may cause problems in modern games. "AGP Speed" - if there is support for high data transfer rate, the value of 8x will be optimal so as not to underestimate the performance of the graphics subsystem. We connect the power The ATX connector (wide 20-pin header) is designed to supply voltage to the motherboard, but many systems are not limited to this. For SocketA, most often, nothing else is needed, and the computer will turn on without problems, but Socket478 may refuse to work without connecting the ATX12V block (four pins arranged in a square). Processors with 754/939/940 feet will only work with a 12-volt power connector, as they consume increased power. With LGA775, it’s a completely different story, and two methods are already possible here: the first is when there are as many as three pads on the motherboard, namely: standard ATX, ATX12V, Molex, and all of them need to be connected to the power supply. The second case is an ATX block extended by 4 pins, however, such power supplies are still not very common, but you can already find adapters (in both directions) on sale that allow you to use a standard connector (then you don’t need to connect Molex). Sometimes the power supply may have an additional yellow wire with a FAN connector (three-pin), designed to indicate the fan speed in the PSU itself, and then, by connecting it to the corresponding motherboard connector, you can monitor this indicator. Often, power supplies intended for delivery to different countries have a mains voltage switch (on the rear panel), which is also found in the wrong 110-volt position, and if you miss this moment and leave everything as it is, you can pay with a blown fuse (such cases were in our test lab). If there is no jumper, then you should pay attention to the stickers on the case, which indicate the operating modes of the unit (to make sure that the device is suitable). It is worth recalling that when reconnecting any devices, be sure to disconnect the PSU from the network, because even in the off state (sleep mode), it supplies standby voltage to the motherboard. First turn on After connecting the CPU, cooler, memory, video adapter and power still outside the system unit, in order to assess the performance of the hardware, it is necessary to carry out a test launch of the system. In this case, the motherboard should be placed on an antistatic bag (the same one in which it was sold). If everything is in order, a short single signal should be heard from the speaker (didn’t you forget to connect it?), and the screen will prompt you to press some key to enter the BIOS, where you need to make the CPU, memory and AGP settings described above. Case assembly After making sure that the basic components of the computer are functioning correctly, we will proceed to install everything in the system unit. This should be done without removing the memory, processor and cooler from the motherboard, since it will be inconvenient to connect them in the system unit. The main thing in the process is not to use force, and do not tighten the fixing screws too much in order to avoid deformation of the board. Winchesters The HDD connection may vary depending on the equipment available - at the moment, IDE and SATA options are the most common at home. IDE To determine where to connect these devices, it is worth looking into the motherboard manual, since many modern motherboards have a built-in RAID controller, which adds a few more IDE connectors. When connecting two devices to one IDE channel, be sure to define one of them as Master and the other as Slave. This is done using jumpers on the device case. Connect hard drives with an 80-wire cable; for CD / DVD, a 40-wire cable is enough. You can determine the first leg on the board and on the device by marking, and on the cable the first wire is indicated in red or blue. Connectors usually have a key - a bulge and the absence of a hole for one leg on the cable, a cutout and the absence of a leg on the board or device. SATA Everything is simpler here, since there is no problem of determining the master-slave (only one device can be connected to one connector), but certain problems arise with connecting the power wire. Some SATA drives have an old connector, like a standard Molex, and then there are no difficulties, but the standard suggests a different type of connector, and a situation may arise when a special adapter is required. A wire with the right connector may be included with the motherboard or sold together with the HDD, but it often happens that the necessary cable is not available at all, in such a situation you will need to purchase it additionally. Hard drives in BIOSe To enable SATA hard drives in BlOS, you need to enable the SATA controller, because otherwise SATA drives will not be detected by the system, and they will not appear in the list of IDE devices either. In addition, it's a good idea to manually set the disk parameters (in the "Standart CMOS Features" section) so that automatic detection does not take additional time each time the computer boots. If there is only one HDD or there is no need to create a RAID array, the built-in controllers that provide these functions are disabled. Otherwise, every time you turn on the computer, the firmware will run and try to initialize the additional drives, which, again, takes time. Built-in devices BlOS has an "Integrated Peripherals" menu that allows you to control devices built into the motherboard. It happens that there is, say, an external sound card, and there is no need for a built-in one. Then opposite "Onboard Audio" it is worth setting "Disabled" to get rid of problems with device detection in Windows and installation of additional drivers. Such an operation should be done with all built-in devices that are not required in the work. Chassis connection The system unit has an indication panel, which contains several LEDs that display the computer's operating modes and access to the hard disk, as well as power control buttons. In order to use them, a number of contacts on the motherboard are intended (located side by side and united by one name, usually these are "F_PANEL", "PANEL", "PANEL1", "JFP1 / 2") and several wires connected to the front panel of the system unit . On different motherboards, the contacts in the comb are located differently, but the number and position of the pads are always respected, and in order to determine what belongs to what, there is a special marking, both on the board and on the connectors. The wires also differ in colors, and a black wire always goes to ground (marked "GND", "-", "Pull-Down", "Cathode", "Negative"), while the signal contact can be of different colors, but as a rule , it's red (denoted as "VCC", "Anode", "+", "Pull-Up", "Positive"). It is important to observe the polarity of the indicator lights, as they are diodes and, if turned on incorrectly, simply will not function. For buttons and speaker, the orientation of the connector does not matter. The designation of the front panel elements is created from a reduction to several letters of the name and an addition in the form of an indication of polarity, for example, PW_SW_GND denotes the "ground" of the computer's power button (stands for Power Switch Ground) or HDD_LED_ANODE (the positive wire of the hard drive indicator). In general, you should look at the pinout diagram, which can be found in the motherboard manual. The final stage With the correct device connections and BIOS settings, after turning on the computer, the computer should emit a single beep from the internal speaker and continue to boot. In case of any problems, it is necessary to determine the area where they occur from the BIOS messages on the screen or POST codes and check the connection of the corresponding devices and settings in BlOS'e. It is worth once again checking the characteristics of the iron, the correctness of the connection and the serviceability of the loops. If the computer stopped turning on after changing the BlOS'a parameters, you can reset the settings with a special jumper (which is located near the battery on the motherboard, you can definitely see it in the user manual). As a result, after installing the operating system, it is imperative to install all the drivers that can be found on the disks that come with the equipment, since the standard ones (included in the OS) do not always provide the implementation of all hardware capabilities. It is also necessary to immediately check the system with complex packages such as SiSoftware Sandra, and check it for stability using benchmarks. In this case, it is necessary to install a proprietary motherboard monitoring utility and configure it to turn off the PC when certain temperature thresholds are reached (if the temperature exceeds 80 degrees Celsius, irreversible changes may begin in the CPU). System monitoring should be done for another month to identify problems that may not occur immediately. Publication: cxem.net
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