What is CB (Citizen Band)? Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Civil radio communications

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In English - "Citizen Band", in Russian - "civilian band" radio communication (from 26.970 MHz to 27.850 MHz). In Russia, radio communication in the CB band was allowed in 1988. It assumes the presence of 2 or more radio stations providing communication in the simplex mode (pressed - speak, released - listen). Permissible types of radio frequency modulation: Amplitude -AM, Frequency -FM, single-sideband -SSB (upper sideband - USB, lower sideband -LSB). Permitted transmitter power: for FM - carrier power is not more than 10 W, AM and SSB peak power is not more than 10 W.

What is the range of a CB link?

Pretty arbitrary, because. depends on many factors:

• portable-portable -1,5-7 km
• portable car - 3-10 km
• portable-stationary - 5-15k m
• auto-auto - 10-20 km
• auto-stationary station - 15-40 km
• hospital-hospital - 20-80 km

Who can use CB communication?

Both individuals (individuals, citizens) and legal entities, with the appropriate permission of the Main Directorate of State Supervision of Communications in the Russian Federation under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation (Glavgossvyaznadzor).

On what basis is the CB band allocated for use?

On the secondary. Previously, this frequency range was intended for industrial, scientific and medical applications, in particular for dumping "radio garbage". Until now, in this range, it is possible to receive harmful interference from various installations.

In which document can I find the rules for using CB communications?

The main documents regulating the rules for using the civil band are the "Rules for the sale, registration and operation of portable transceiver radio stations intended for use by citizens on the territory of the USSR", approved by the USSR Ministry of Communications on January 31, 1990 and the decision of the State Commission on radio frequencies under the Ministry of Communications Russian Federation N23/2 dated 29.08.94.

What is explicitly forbidden and allowed?

It is forbidden to use on board aircraft and passenger ships, transfer of information constituting an official or state secret. Only voice messaging is allowed. It is forbidden to use speech encryption devices in radio stations. Deviations from the rules are allowed in case of distress i.e. in cases that threaten the health and life of people. To prevent such cases, ANY restrictions and rules are removed.

How to avoid conflict with the Ministry of Internal Affairs (police)?

Have a permit for the right to operate with you.

Who issues a permit for the acquisition and operation of radio stations?

GlavGosSvyazNadzor and its regional structures.

How to get permission to use the station?

Go to GosSvyazNadzor, pay a small fee of about 200 rubles and get permission. Next, buy a radio station and bring it to GosSvyazNadzor, they will put down the station number and seal. The permit is issued for 1 year, after this period it is necessary to extend the period by paying another 200 rubles. for the next year (possibly several years in advance).

Is the seller required to have a license?

You must first obtain permission, and then go to buy a station in a licensed company, where they will affix a second stamp. But you can buy a station from your hands, and then come to the GOS with the previous owner and re-register.

What are channels and grids?

Channel - 10kHz wide frequency band with center frequencies listed below. Grid - a frequency range containing 40 channels. For example:

>

This is a "European" grid. For the "Russian" grid, respectively, the last digit is "0", i.e. 27.155MHz - 16cE, 27.150MHz - 16cR

See also "Russian" frequency grid of the European range, qrz.ru/cb/freq.shtml.

Why is CB useful?

Of the useful (in relation to Moscow) - 3cE, 9cE, 19cE, 9dE, 21dE channels (in Lipetsk - 9cE and 19cE). These are emergency channels, there are dispatch services that report and receive messages about traffic jams, accidents, etc. Information about road accidents and other emergencies is best transmitted on channels 3cE ("Petrovka") or 9cE ("Rescue Service"). And the 9cE channel is generally allocated for the transmission of _exclusively_ accidents and other emergencies. If you register at the "Scream" service (Petovka, 3cE, paying a subscription fee) or at the "Rescue Service" (Rescue Service, 19cE, 21dE, registration is free, but required), then the dispatcher can be asked to call by phone and transfer or use something it's all like a pager i.e. you can call the control room and ask to transfer information for the person you need (of course, if he has a CB station with him).

Similarly, "Flight-27" (9dЕ) - only for free. And in other cases, just your own connection, out of town to leave the connection between cars and so on. There are channels occupied by a kind of interest clubs (to some extent, this is Flight-27, since it is organized by Association-27) and certain areas of Moscow. Allowed channels (40 channels each in grids C and D) are quite clogged, and additional grids are empty (A, B, E, F - if you really want, you can work in them, everyone pretends that they don’t notice this violation). At the same time, it is not recommended to climb above the 12th channel of grid E, the amateur range begins there.

What equipment to choose (for car, hospital, carrying)?

Prices range from $40 for the dumbest to $800 for the most fancy. Rather, it is necessary to proceed from the available amount of money and those tasks that will need to be solved with the help of this equipment. Of the technical parameters, attention should be paid to: The sensitivity of the receiver should be <= 0.7 μV (the lower the better). Adjacent channel suppression >60dB. Output power>=4W, if used with an amplifier, 4-10W is needed. The number of mesh-channels d.b. >=2 grids (C,D), respectively, at least 80 channels. The presence of at least 2 modulations AM and FM.

Where to buy?

In general, it doesn't matter where, it is only desirable to make a purchase together with a person who has already been using such equipment for some time, so that they would not be deceived by price / quality / parameters.

What is an amplifier (antenna matching device / brick)?

Brick (amplifier). The device is illegal. In the sense the license is given for power up to 10 watts, brick - 50-70-100-150 and more. In cars, almost everyone works with bricks. Hide it somewhere under a torpedo (it's in the car), although this is not a guarantee against its confiscation by the police. It costs from $25 to $300 or more, depending on the power. If the purchase of this device is planned for the company, it should be called an antenna-matching device (so as not to frighten the sellers). In reality, the amplifier compensates for the absence of a normal antenna.

Remember: the best amplifier is the antenna!

Which antenna to choose for a car?

There are many options here. From the cheapest and simplest "fishing rods" to very expensive and long ones. Of the common ones, for example: DV27B, 70W, 1.34m is quite cheap; Santiago-1200, 600W, 1.95m is more expensive and quite efficient. Obviously, it is necessary to choose what size the pin is not yet scary to put on a car. In general, the longer the pin, the better the connection.

How to tune the antenna?

To do this, you need a device - an SWR meter. Do not think that you can tune the antenna without it. Branded costs >=$15. In the first approximation, it is necessary to tune the antenna to the minimum SWR (standing wave ratio), it is required to achieve SWR less than 1.5, usually it is possible to bring the car to 1.1. It should be borne in mind that operation with SWR>3 can lead to damage to the output stage of the transmitter. In general, the tuning and selection of antennas is a matter of a separate FAQ.

What portable device is considered the best at present?

Maycom SH-27.

It costs about $ 130 or more, depending on the configuration and company. Perhaps the most sensitive of portables. It has 5 grids (200 channels) of "Europe" and 5 grids of "Russia", a decimal keyboard, a threshold noise suppressor, memory for 30 channels, scanning by channels and memory, dual scanning, can work with a spacing of receive / transmit channels, a removable power supply ( usually cast for 10.8 volts, it also comes with a cast for 12 volts and a compartment for AA batteries), an output for headphones and an external microphone, special. block, for use in a car or at home, it is inserted instead of a power supply, and a cord goes from it to an external power supply (to a cigarette lighter) and an external antenna, it turns out just a microphone. There is also a simpler model - Maycom AH-27.

Is it possible to transfer the radio station for temporary use to other persons?

It is possible after instructing on the procedure for operating the radio station and transferring permission for the right to operate. In this case, the owner is fully responsible for compliance with the current rules by this person. The transfer of the radio station can be formalized by a power of attorney certified by a notary. Recently, unverified information has been received about equating radio transmitting means to personal weapons, with all the ensuing consequences.

How to choose a personal identification signal - call sign?

It must match the license number for the right to operate the radio station (officially). You can take a letter or number alias (informally). Letter callsign - a word that should consist of 5-7 letters, uniquely interpreted, well understood in conditions of poor reception. It's good to make sure that no one has taken such a call sign before you.

How to behave during negotiations?

It is desirable to be as polite and correct as possible. Wait until everyone in the channel is silent and only then start talking. Always follow the rule: first call the called station, then your own: "XXXXX, I am YYYYYY. Over!" In this case, it is immediately clear who and whom is calling. It is a mistake to give only the call sign of the called correspondent or to give only your own call sign. This can be done, for example, in the following situation - two correspondents are talking, and you definitely need to interrupt them. In this case, in a pause of speech (only in a pause!) You need to say "Brek!" and say your name. If they heard you, they will answer you. Do not use this technique often or just to find out how you are heard. To do this, it is better to wait until the end of the conversation and call one of the correspondents. That is why when conducting negotiations, and always at the end, you need to give your call sign - then you can always be called.

I often hear on the air: 73, 88, QSB and so on, what is it about?

In professional and amateur radio communications, code words and combinations are often used to speed up radio communications. This is especially necessary when carrying out radio exchange in conditions of interference, a weak signal, when communicating by telegraph (CW). The use of codes allows you to avoid long phrases in plain text to express certain "standard" thoughts. For example, you can say: "Your signal is fading", or you can just send QSB. Or "My location (the location of my radio station) is Moscow" can be expressed as "My QTH is Moscow". There are many such examples. In professional (amateur) radio communications, a standard (adopted all over the world), so-called Q-code is used. All words (phrases) of this code begin with Q, for example:

QRM - "interference"

QRN - "atmospheric interference"

QSO - "radio"

QSL - "confirmation of connection, card of confirmation of the connection"

QRT - "stop working"

QSY - "I'm leaving for another frequency..."

and so on. More details about these and other combinations can be found in the Q-codes section, qrz.ru/cb/abc.shtml.

In addition, there are a number of digital abbreviations, the nature of which is similar. The most common of them are: 73! - an expression of best wishes, a wish of all the best to a correspondent, an expression of other warmest feelings, is always conveyed very politely. An important point - 73! these are wishes, and not farewell, as many people think (although it is usually transmitted at the end of the radio exchange). Therefore 73! you can just wish, and not give, ask or something else. 88! - "love and kiss." It is transmitted as a rule as a joke to the operator, if it is a lady. A very warm wish, which can serve to strengthen 73. It should be used with care, as it expresses very strong feelings. And you don't have to send 88 to every lady you meet on the air. Take care of this wish just for expressing a special feeling. Many of these and other codes are carried over to NE. You can use them if you are sure that the person with whom you communicate will understand you. Still, 27 MHz is a civil band and it is not necessary to transfer all the principles of amateur or professional communication to it.

I asked for control, and in response I heard: "9 + 20", what would that mean?

To assess the level of the received signal in radio communications, a special scale is used - in "points". The scale provides for a change in the signal level from 0 points (no signal at all) to 9 points (very loud signals). In addition to acoustic perception ("by ear"), there is also an objective assessment of the signal level. A level of 50 μV at the receiver input is taken as a threshold value (for VHF - 5 μV) - this level corresponds to a level of 9 points. Since the relative value of dB (decibell) is used to evaluate many quantities in radio engineering, this principle is also used to assess the signal level at the receiver input. So, if the signal level exceeds 9 points (50 μV), then when assessing, they say how much the excess is. Thus, a score of "9+20" means that the signal is received at a level 20 dB higher than 9 points (very strong signal). In addition to assessing the strength of the signal, it is very important to assess the quality of the received signal - intelligibility. In amateur radio practice, a scale is used from 0 (no intelligibility, nothing can be received) to 5 (100% intelligibility). Thus, the assessment (for "voice" AM/FM/SSB modes) should consist of an assessment of signal quality and level. For example, a score of "59" (read "five, nine") means that the signal is very loud, 100% legible.

Is it necessary to remake under the Russian grid?

Most of the stations sold have already been converted into the "Russian grid" or have the built-in ability to work in it. The need for such an alteration is determined by the desire to work in this grid. It must be borne in mind that the alteration of the radio station sometimes worsens its parameters.

Is it possible to independently remake the radio station?

It is forbidden by the current rules to make changes to the scheme, design and marking of the radio station (type, number, frequency). Repair of the radio station should be carried out only in a specialized workshop (this is official). and unofficially, it is practically impossible to follow the alteration inside the station.

SSB modulation - is it needed in the station?

SSB increases the communication range, and the "noise" inherent in FM modulation in SSB is fundamentally absent. If there is a specific task, for example, to establish a connection with the dacha, then it is worth buying 2 devices with SSB. Communication will be noticeably clearer and better. SSB is a promising thing, in European countries most of them switch to this type of modulation.

There are complaints from neighbors about interference with television signal reception. What to do?

According to the rules, the radio station cannot be operated until the cause of the interference is found out and measures are taken to stop it. Possible reasons: poor matching of the transmitter and antenna, shielding violations, bad contacts, too much amplifier power, poor quality of your neighbors TV antenna. You can try to eliminate such interference with the help of special filters that limit out-of-band emissions.

How to reduce interference to reception at a car CB station?

It is most likely impossible to completely get rid of such interference. To reduce them, do the following: Make sure that the station and the antenna are "grounded" to the car body. Check the noise level with and without antenna. If the noise is greater when the antenna is connected then the source is most likely the ignition system. If the noise remains unchanged after the antenna is turned off, then the source is more likely in the power supply circuits of the station. To eliminate ignition noise, try finding a ground point on the body or engine. Check whether the hood, muffler, exhaust pipe are grounded. Ignition noise can be reduced by installing "magnetically suppressed" ignition wires and/or metal shields on the spark plugs. If the source of noise is the power circuits, check if there is a capacitor connected to the breaker contacts (or if it is in good condition). If you have electronic ignition, you can try to shunt the power supply circuit of the ignition unit in close proximity to the unit with a ceramic (paper, polyphthalate) capacitor with a capacity of 1-20 microfarads. Try to locate the antenna, connecting cables, station as far as possible from potential sources of noise. You can try shielding the power cable of the station. Make sure that the power cable is sized appropriately for the power input and that this cable is securely connected to earth and power positive. Good results are obtained by powering the station directly from the battery terminals. There are filters to suppress power interference, but their effectiveness is lower than the measures described above.

What is "passage" ("passage")?

The process of the passage of radio waves with reflections from the layers of the ionosphere, which makes it possible to reliably receive (and transmit) the signal of a transmitting radio station, thousands of kilometers away from the receiving one. A very strong passage may interfere with the communication session with the local station. This type of connection cannot be called stable, since it strongly depends on the specific situation in the ionosphere. The periodicity of such distant passages is associated with solar activity. At the moment, we are gradually going through a minimum of solar activity (11-year cycle) and soon such connections will be more frequent.

Publication: cxem.net

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