Ultrasonic depth gauge. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Ultrasonic depth gauge. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Indicators, detectors, metal detectors

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Measurement of the depth of the bottom of the water area or - search for sunken objects is possible with the help of an ultrasonic depth gauge, the scheme and a brief description of which are given below.

The principle of operation of the device is based on the reflection of short-term ultrasonic pulses from the river or seabed. In this case, it is not the time of passage of pulses in the water column that is measured (the speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s), but the number of pulses reflected per unit time. The penetration depth of ultrasonic pulses is determined by the radiation power and the sensitivity of the receiving device. In the described device, it does not exceed 20 m.

Ultrasonic depth gauge
Ris.1

The depth gauge consists of two parts: a magnetostrictive sensor and an electronic unit. The magnetostrictive sensor (its device is shown in Fig. 1) is a nickel rod 4, fixed with a copper ring 1 in the housing 2. A frame 5 is put on the rod with coils 3 wound on it, sealed with a cork gasket 6. Ultrasonic vibrations (their amplitude is maximum at resonance frequencies) of the nickel rod and plate 7 are transferred to the aquatic environment. To exclude fluctuations in the water level in the sensor socket, it is closed with a rubber membrane 0,5-0,8 mm thick, which is held with a bandage 9. During measurements, water is poured into the socket through hole 8.

The electronic unit (Fig. 2) consists of an ultrasonic generator assembled on transistors T1, T2, a modulator on transistors T3, T4, a receiver of reflected pulses T5-T8 and a pointer indicator, the scale of which is calibrated in meters of depth.

Ultrasonic depth gauge
Ris.2

A push-pull generator with capacitive feedback generates ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 40 kHz. The generator load is the circuit formed by the L4 coil (it is wound on a closed ferrite rod with a cross section of 2 cm²) and capacitor C2. The specific data of these quantities are not given in the original. They are selected based on the measured (by one of the known methods) inductance of the excitation winding of the vibrator L1 (1500 turns of PEL 0,35), which in turn strongly depends on the quality of the vibrator core. When an atom, it should be borne in mind that the inductance L1 and the capacitance of the capacitor C1 form a series resonant circuit, which is coordinated with the generator circuit using the coupling coil L3. The number of turns L3 is also found empirically. The bias coil L2 has 3000 turns of PEL wire 0,15, its induction value is 0,5 T. In series with L2, the inductor Dr1 is connected, preventing the penetration of ultrasonic frequency oscillations into the bias circuit. The value of the inductance of the inductor is 0,25-0,3 gn.

The multivibrator (transistors T3, E4) is used in the device as a modulator and frequency meter. The time constant of its base circuit is 600 µs. Negative pulses are removed from the collector T3, which control the operation of the ultrasonic generator. The required value of the pulse voltage is set by variable resistors R3, R4. A DC voltmeter with a limit value of 10 V is included in the same circuit, which measures the average value of the pulse voltage. In addition, the multivibrator, together with the transistor T5, performs the functions of an electronic switch that closes the receiver input for the time of sending the probing pulse and opens it when the reflected pulse is received.

The receiver includes an amplifier on transistors T6-T8 and a detector on a diode D1. The reflected pulses received by the sensor (in this case, the reverse magnetostrictive effect is used) are amplified by a three-stage amplifier, at the input of which a selective circuit tuned to a frequency of 40 kHz is switched on, and are detected through a capacitor C16 enter the base circuit of the transistor T4, starting the multivibrator. Since the number of pulses reflected per unit time depends on the depth, when the latter changes, the multivibrator trigger frequency changes.

The initial calibration of the device is carried out at a known depth of 3 m. The vibrator is immersed in water and the current consumed by the generator is set to 4 mA with variable resistors R6 R60 ". The voltmeter reading is calibrated with a mark of 3 m. The current consumed by the generator should decrease from increasing depth.The maximum depth will correspond to the minimum deviation of the depth gauge needle.

Literature

"Radioamater", 1970, N5.

Publication: N. Bolshakov, rf.atnn.ru

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