Automatic lighting effects with chaotic inclusion of lamps. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Beginner radio amateur

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Most automatic lighting effects (ASE), including home-made designs for decorating discos, New Year's and other holidays, are capable of producing only reprogrammable light combinations at best. Even with all the variety of circuit solutions used, these devices, as a rule, cannot arbitrarily change the order of reproducible effects and patterns at least in a certain time interval. The developments I propose are devoid of these shortcomings.

The first of these designs (Fig. 1) is based on three typical microcircuits. But even it is capable of operating in the "chaos" mode, with an arbitrary change in the order and number (from 0 to 5) of the lamps turned on. In total, this ASE provides for 32 light combinations, and the repetition period of one of them is variable. At a certain speed of switching lamps, you can get the effect of "running fire" in the forward or reverse direction, or other options for orderly "moving light".

The second ASE design has eight channels. Performed using eight microcircuits (Fig. 1), it can demonstrate a "running fire" cycle in the forward and reverse direction. The essence of the first one is in the 8-fold movement of the "light area" created by one of the eight lamps ("single chaos" mode). The second term of the cycle also consists of an 8-time "running through the fire". But this effect is created by the chaotic inclusion of already several lamps out of eight.

As in the first ASE design, the frequency of repetition of one or another combination is also absolutely unpredictable here. And the transition from one effect to another within the cycle is automatic. Moreover, the "running fire" always starts with a different lamp: the first one flashes the one whose discharge number is older than the last one, which was lit in the mentioned "chaos single" mode.

The regulation of the speed of switching lamps for both machines is manual. But it can be "linked" with the rhythm of percussion instruments in musical accompaniment, supplementing the ASE with a special prefix (Fig. 2).

Since the generators G1 and G2, as well as the short pulse shaper (FKI) are the same for the structures under consideration, they are shown in expanded form only on the circuit diagram of the first ASE, and in other illustrations - conditionally, as functional blocks with explanatory inscriptions. Simplified, in the form of numbered rectangles are shown on all machines and control schemes (CS) for lighting devices. After all, they can also be the same, made according to the most acceptable of the standard options (Fig. 3).

In the ASE designs I propose, the simplest random number generators are used. In each of the automata, G1 operates on the logic elements DD1.1 and DD1.2 of the K176LA7 microcircuit. By controlling the change of light combinations, he can change its frequency within 0,5-3 Hz, for which a resistor R1 is provided. The generator G2 on the logic elements DD2.1 - DD2.3 of the second K176LA7 chip has a higher generation frequency than G1. Participating in the creation of a light combination, it "recognizes" the control only "by the time of operation", and when used as part of a second, much more complicated automaton, it serves to transmit impulses coming from G1.

Between G1 and G2, a short pulse shaper is included. Assembled on the logic elements DD1.3 and DD1.4 of the K176LA7 microcircuit, it generates a short pulse at the output 11 DD2.4 every time the front of the signal arrives at the inputs DD1.3 and 5 DD1.4 from the output 11 DD1.2 generator G1.

A short pulse generated from a wide pulse of the generator G1 is necessary to turn on G2, followed by the generation of a "pack". Its duration should be short in order to make the flickering of the lamps almost imperceptible during the operation of the G2 generator together with the DD3 counter. However, caution must be exercised here as well. After all, an exorbitant reduction in the duration of a short pulse by reducing the capacitance of capacitor C2 threatens to malfunction and stop the formation of light combinations "by chance".

The circuit diagram for G2 (Fig. 1) shows a jumper between pins 5 and 6 of DD2.1. Its purpose is to put the device into the generation mode with an external high-level enable signal (log. 1) at input 8 DD2.2. With the removal of this jumper (and control over pin 5 DD2.1), G2 can work both as a repeater of pulses coming to 8 DD2.2, and as a generator of "bursts" from the same pulses.

The jumper is already installed on the printed circuit board of the G2 generator (Fig. 1). Consequently, the counter DD3 will receive a "pack" equal in duration to a short pulse. Having determined the number of pulses contained in it, the counter will stop and turn on some combination of lamps. Then the whole cycle will repeat, starting with the output of the pulse from G1 and ending with the inclusion of a new combination of lamps.

The duration of each of the light effects that can be obtained using the second of the automata I offer is 8, and the entire cycle is 32 clock pulses of the I generator. zero position of the counters DD4 and DD7, for which the logical element DD6.4 serves. And the "running fire" of the direct direction acts as the first light effect.

Between counters DD4 and DD7 there is a pulse shaper along the front and fall of the input signal, working on DD5, DD6.1-DD6.3. Diodes VD3-VD5 serve to eliminate the interference of outputs and the summation of the log. 1 counter DD7.

The features of the ASE operation can be understood by the example of the formation of the last two effects in the cycle. In particular, when, after the arrival of the seventeenth pulse, the logical unit will be replaced by a low-level signal (logical zero) at pin 11 of the counter DD4.

With the receipt of output 5 DD2.1 log. 0 generator G2 will work as a repeater of impulses from G1. The consequence of changing the voltage levels at pin 11 of the DD4 chip will be sending a pulse from the pulse shaper along the front and falling from pin 4 DD5.3 to counter DD7. As a result, the log will move. 1 from output 2 to 4. Multiplexer DD9, having received a log. 1 to pin 14, will connect the pins (from the second to the fifth) of the decoder DD8 with the corresponding control circuits, and DD3 will lead the account to decrease, in time with the pulses of the generator And, which are broadcast by the generator G2.

DD3 codes will be deciphered by DD8 and reproduced by lighting devices as a "running fire" in the opposite direction. Immediately after the end of this effect (with the last lamp turned off), the twenty-fifth pulse will come from the generator G1, which will lead to the replacement of the logical zero with a unit at pin 11 of the counter DD4, which is why G2 will receive permission to work as a burst generator. The pulse shaper along the rise and fall, reacting to this, will force the counter DD7 to shift (by applying a pulse to pin 14) log. 1 from pin 4 to 7. And the multiplexer DD9, after waiting for a similar shift from pin 14 to 9, will turn off the outputs (from the second to the fifth) of the decoder DD8, but will connect the control circuit to the outputs of the counter DD3 (from the third to the sixth).

Due to the receipt of "packs" by the DD3 counter and the output of results to the control circuit, a chaotic 8-time switching on of several lamps will be reproduced. Moreover, outputs 0, 1, 6 and 7 of the DD8 decoder will remain connected to the control circuit throughout the entire lighting effect. The shutdown will follow only after randomly selected several lamps flash eight times and the thirty-third (in time) pulse arrives at the counter DD4. The “ultra-short” log 10 that appeared at pin 7 DD1 will put it in the zero position (that is, “3” will be set at pin 1), after which a new cycle will begin.

Relatively simple (I) and complicated (II) automatic lighting effects

Fig.1. Relatively simple (I) and complicated (II) automatons for lighting effects (click to enlarge): a - circuit diagram; b - sketch of the printed circuit board; numbering of used radio components through

Fig.2. Schematic diagram and printed circuit board of a device for linking the frequency of switching lamps to the rhythm of percussion instruments of musical accompaniment (click to enlarge)

Light control schemes

Fig.3. Control circuits for lighting devices (click to enlarge): a - low-voltage; b - high-voltage, with a relay and a 100-watt load; c - with contact switching of a powerful load; g with an optocoupler in the control circuit

Now a few words about the mentioned prefix for "binding" (matching) the switching frequency of the lamps to the tempo of the percussion instruments of the musical accompaniment. As can be seen from the circuit diagram (Fig. 2), the device is a filter (VT1, R3, R4, C2) with a cutoff frequency of 100 Hz, connected to an analog-to-digital converter (VT2, VD1, VD2, DD1). And since the output 11 DD1.3 is equivalent to the previously considered output 11 DD1.2 of the G1 generator (Fig. 1), it becomes quite feasible to connect the set-top box to the short pulse shaper through a typical SB1 toggle switch.

The choice of one or another control scheme (Fig. 3) depends on the tasks and capabilities of the manufacturer. However, it should be borne in mind that VT2 must have a margin of 1k, 20-30 percent higher than the maximum load current. Having decided to use options with relays, it is also useful to know that RES22, which is popular among radio amateurs, can control (without thyristor switching in the power circuit) a load not exceeding 100 W per contact group. In addition, relay circuits are the most "slow"; their use is justified if the planned switching frequency is not more than eight switching per second. It is also possible to control the thyristor through a pulse transformer. True, this will require a separate generator and additional switching circuits.

The source of electricity for any of the considered ASEs and set-top boxes can be both home-made and ready-made power supplies with an output voltage of 5 to 12 V. Including stabilized ones - from a calculator. It is only necessary to take into account that with a 6-volt supply, for example, the machine itself consumes current up to 20 mA, the prefix - up to 10 mA, and plus lighting control circuits, not to mention switched incandescent lamps.

The least economical relay control schemes. For example, when using a RES22 relay with a winding resistance of 175 ohms, the control circuit at a 12-volt supply voltage will consume at least 70 mA per channel.

Rectifier diodes VD3-VD6 in the thyristor circuits must have a current margin that is 30 percent higher than the total I consumption of all lamps. If the required high-current valves are not at hand, then instead of one common diode bridge, several rectifiers can be used, each of which will feed as many channels as it can provide.

The adjustment of the machines consists in checking the operability of the generators G1 and G2. If the ASE is powered by a source with a voltage different from 6 V, then it is necessary to adjust the values ​​​​of the resistor R2 (ensuring that AND generates pulses in the required range) and capacitor C2 (with an increased Upit, its capacitance is reduced and, with a low one, it is increased).

In the design of the machines, MNT resistors or their analogues are used. Variable resistor R1 - any of group A. The choice of the type of capacitors, including high-capacity electrolytic ones, is practically unlimited. Diodes D9 are quite interchangeable with analogues. Instead of KT315 transistors, you can install KT312, KT3102, KT209. Powerful semiconductor triodes KT815A (KT815V) are replaceable by KT817 with indices from A to G in the name.

Thyristors should be taken more powerful and installed on radiators (preferably with forced cooling with lamps over 600 W per channel). Rectifier diodes: 5-ampere - KD202Zh, KD202K, KD202M, D231B, D245B; 10-amp - D231A, D232A, D233, D245A, D246A, D247. Relays: 5-volt - RES9 (passport RS4.524.203), RES10 (RS4.524.304); 12-volt - RES9 (RS4), RES524.202 (RS10, RS4.524.312), RES4.524.322 (RS15), RES4.591.004 for direct control of lamps (RF22-4.523.023 or with a winding resistance of 01 Ohm, RF175 -4.523.023).

With the replacement of microcircuits, things are somewhat more complicated. In particular, in place of K176IE2 in the first machine (counter DD3), it is permissible to use K561IE11 or K165IE14. In this case, the ASE will become four-channel. Moreover, K561IE11 is turned on according to Figure 1, except that -Upit is supplied to pin 10. When installing K561IE14, pins 9 and 10 are connected to + Upit. The remaining conclusions of these microcircuits are identical in purpose.

In the second machine, it is permissible to use the K4IE561 chip as a counter DD11, and not K176IE2. True, the ASE itself will have to be slightly adjusted: ground pin 10 of the newly installed microcircuit, and turn on the second instead of the 11th. In addition, it will be necessary to apply pulses from the generator G15 to output 4 of the counter DD1.

It is also possible to replace K561IE8 (DD7 counter) with K561IE9, but with a change in the soldering of the VD2 diode, the new location of which is between terminals 11 and 15. Yes, and as a DD3 counter, it is permissible to use a microcircuit other than the planned K561IE11. For example, K561IE14 with the appropriate adjustment: + Upit should be applied to pin 9 of such a counter.

Finally, an important reminder. When replacing microcircuits with the indicated options, corresponding changes in the topology of printed circuit boards are inevitable.

Author: D.Ataev

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