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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Learn the telegraph alphabet. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Beginner radio amateur To obtain permission to work on the air, you must pass an exam at a local amateur radio organization (radio club). It includes testing knowledge on the rules of working on amateur radio, the basics of radio engineering, safety precautions and testing the ability to receive and transmit radiograms using telegraphic Morse code. No, of course, you can get permission to operate a radio station of the fourth category (this does not require knowledge of Morse code), but in this case only one KB band will be open to you - 160 meters. But not only to obtain permission you will need knowledge of the telegraph alphabet. Telegraph (CW) is one of the most interesting types of communication. It has high noise immunity - the telegraph makes it possible to communicate in conditions where the exchange of information with other types of radiation (without using a computer) is practically impossible. What advice can you give to those who decide to learn Morse code? The best option is to study it in study groups of some children's art center, young technicians station or radio club. For such groups, radio classes are equipped for studying the telegraph alphabet, which include a control panel that allows you to switch workstations between each other and helps operators learn to receive a correspondent (each operator has their own “handwriting” of transmission) and train the ability to enter into telegraph communication. One of the important devices of the radio class is the so-called “automatic Morse code sensor” (ADKM). Its task is to generate nonsense text in Morse code over a wide range of baud rates. It can transmit text from Cyrillic and Latin letters, digital and mixed texts. Using ADCM, the technique is taught. In some localities there are no such organizations, and it is far away to travel to where they are. But even in this case, do not despair. You can learn the alphabet on your own. To do this, you need to have the alphabet text, a telegraph key, a generator and headphones. Each letter of the telegraph alphabet is formed from a different combination of dots and dashes. The original version of the alphabet, composed of letters of the Latin alphabet, in various countries of the world is supplemented with combinations of dots and dashes to create a code for letters not included in the Latin alphabet. In the Russian version of the telegraph alphabet, these are the letters Ch, Sh, E, Yu and Ya. In addition, the telegraph alphabet has corresponding combinations for numbers and punctuation marks. The duration of a point is taken as the basis for all time intervals in the telegraph alphabet. The duration of a dash is equal to three dots, the pause between elements in one character (a symbol is a number, letter or punctuation mark) is a dot, between characters in a word is three dots, between words is seven dots. At the initial stage of study, it is recommended to replace these signs with some sounds. So, for example, we will replace the dot with the sound “TI”, and the dash with the sound “TAA”. Then the letter "A" will sound like "TI -TAA", the letter "K" - like "TAA - TI - TAA". The telegraph alphabet for Cyrillic and Latin letters, numbers and some punctuation marks is given in Table. 1. When learning Morse code for transmission, sit in a position that makes you most comfortable. And most importantly, don't rush. Learn to transmit correctly, bring the transmission to automaticity at low speed (up to 10-15 characters per minute) and only then increase it. In parallel with studying the telegraph alphabet for transmission, it is necessary to study it for reception. To do this, use ADKM or record texts with different transmission speeds on a cassette from a friend of your shortwave operator. Receiving radiograms is a more complicated matter than transmitting them, and there is no need to rush here either. True, sometimes it is useful to set a higher speed and accept. Of course, you won’t be able to accept everything at once, but try to “snatch” the already familiar letters (numbers), then when the speed decreases, they will be easier for you to accept. Learn to confidently accept a speed of 15 - 20 characters per minute, and only then increase the pace. But what to do if there are no familiar radio amateurs nearby, and getting an ADKM is a fantasy idea? Here your computer can become your assistant. There are many programs running under DOS or Windows that can be downloaded from the Internet (1-4). These programs will replace ADKM and are capable of producing a code from Cyrillic and Latin letters, numbers and a “mix”. You can set the speed, pause between characters, signal tone and type of "interference". If you do not have the Internet, and your computer supports DOS, version 4.0 and higher, which contains QBASIC (folder C:\DOS\QBASlC.EXE) and a localizer installed, then you can create the program yourself. The version of the program presented in this article (Table 2) can generate Morse code at a speed of 40 to 250 characters per minute with a character pause of 2 to 60 ms. A program typed correctly in BASIC is immediately functional and does not require debugging. If it does not work or works with errors, check the correctness of the typing, especially in sound arrays (commands mla...р...).
At the initial stage of learning, you need to set a pause of at least 10 ms - a long pause between characters makes it easier to learn Morse code. Once you become comfortable with the technique and achieve confident performance at a speed of about 20 characters per minute, you can also start practicing the technique on air. The machine works clearly, and each person’s hand has its own “handwriting,” and you will need to adapt to the “handwriting” of different people and prepare to go on air. The last thing that can be recommended is to write in letters of the Latin alphabet at the reception, since during radio communications they use codes composed specifically in it. Practice every day for at least an hour, then the path to short waves will be shorter for you. Good luck. Links:
Authors: A.Miryushchenko (RW3DFQ), A.Dolgy (ex UT5DE), B.Stepanov (RU3AX).
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