magnetic materials. Scheme, description

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magnetic materials. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electricity for beginners

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The quantities by which the magnetic properties of materials are evaluated are called magnetic characteristics. These include: absolute magnetic permeability, relative magnetic permeability, temperature coefficient of magnetic permeability, maximum magnetic field energy, etc.

All magnetic materials are divided into two main groups: magnetically soft and magnetically hard.

Magnetically soft materials are distinguished by low hysteresis losses (magnetic hysteresis is the lag of the body's magnetization from the external magnetizing field). They have relatively large values of magnetic permeability, low coercive force and relatively high saturation induction. These materials are used for the manufacture of magnetic cores of transformers, electrical machines and devices, magnetic screens and other devices that require magnetization with low energy losses.

Magnetically hard materials are characterized by large hysteresis losses, i.e., they have a large coercive force and a large residual induction. These materials, being magnetized, can store the received magnetic energy for a long time, i.e., they become sources of a constant magnetic field. Hard magnetic materials are used to make permanent magnets.

According to their basis, magnetic materials are divided into metallic, non-metallic and magnetodielectrics.

Metallic magnetically soft materials include: pure (electrolytic) iron, sheet electrotechnical steel, iron-armco, permalloy (iron-nickel alloys) and more

К metallic magnetically hard materials include: alloy steels, special alloys based on iron, aluminum and nickel and alloying components (cobalt, silicon, etc.).

Non-metallic magnetic materials include ferrites. These are materials obtained from a powder mixture of oxides of certain metals and iron oxide. Pressed ferrite products (cores, rings, etc.) are fired at a temperature of 1300-1500 ° C. Ferrites are magnetically soft and magnetically hard.

Magnetodielectrics are composite materials consisting of 70-80% powdered magnetic material and 30-20% organic high-polymer dielectric.

Ferrites and magnetodielectrics differ from metallic magnetic materials in their high volume resistivity, which sharply reduces eddy current losses. This allows the use of these materials in high frequency technology. In addition, ferrites have the stability of their magnetic characteristics over a wide frequency range.

Author: Smirnova L.N.

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