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3C-HSDPA technology at 63 Mbps

16.07.2014

Turkcell, Ericsson and Qualcomm Technologies (a subsidiary of Qualcomm) demonstrated the operation of 3C-HSDPA (3-Carrier High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access) technology in a commercial network. This technology provides for the aggregation of three frequency bands. Aggregation of three carriers in the HSDPA network allows, regardless of the degree of network congestion, to increase the data download speed by 50% compared to the possibilities provided by the use of a single frequency band. During the demo, the peak downlink speed reached 63 Mbps.

The tests were carried out in the current WCDMA network of the Turkish operator Turkcell in the 2,1 GHz band using the aggregation of three carriers of 5 MHz each for downloading data to a smartphone and two carriers of 5 MHz each for transmitting data from a smartphone to the network. During the demonstration, the features that will be included in the Ericsson 15A software, as well as the operation of a smartphone based on a Qualcomm processor and modem, were presented. All infrastructure used for testing, including cellular and transport components, was provided by Ericsson.

3C-HSDPA technology allows data transmission in one stream using three frequency bands 5 MHz wide each for one subscriber device. 3C-HSDPA makes it possible to use three bands in one frequency band and two bands from different frequency bands for data transmission.

During the demonstration, the EUL-MC (Enhanced Uplink Multi-carrier) technology, implemented in software release 14B, was used, which makes it possible to speed up data transmission in the uplink by 100%.

EUL-MC allows one stream to transmit data on the uplink at a speed of 11,5 Mbps by aggregating two 5 MHz carriers. At the same time, a 100% increase in speed is observed regardless of the degree of network congestion as a whole - both in the center of the cells and at the borders.

3C-HSDPA and EUL-MC are a new stage in the development of HSPA using carrier aggregation technology. Combining multiple frequency bands increases network capacity, increases peak data rates, and improves application coverage. Both of these technologies provide an opportunity to improve the quality of ISDN networks. Commercial use of 3C-HSDPA and EUL-MC will begin in the second half of 2014.

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electrical web 07.02.2015

Spiders weave a web of several thin threads emerging from arachnoid warts, of which a spider can have up to four pairs. So the net that we see consists, like a rope, of several intertwined "ropes", each a few micrometers thick. However, in some spiders, one of the pairs of arachnoid warts is transformed into a cribellum - a sieve plate with a very large number of arachnoid tubes. The threads that come out of these tubes are much, much thinner than those of spiders with a common spider wart. Thus, in the spider Uloborus plumipes, thousands of threads are formed at the exit from the cribellum, each only about 50 nanometers thick.

With the help of special hairs on their hind legs, such spiders comb through ultra-thin threads and apply them to a thicker one coming out of a "normal" wart. They don't use glue at all. Researchers from Oxford (Great Britain) decided to find out how they manage to weave weightless cobwebs so neatly into a trapping net and how such a net, although without glue, can still hold prey.

In an article in Biology Letters, Katrin Kronenberger and Fritz Vollrath write that scratching the web gives the threads an electrostatic charge, which holds them together. In addition, on this scale, van der Waals forces are also added, which additionally tighten the web fiber. As a result, the carrier thread turns out to be covered with the thinnest openwork fabric of thousands of charged fibers several tens of nanometers thick, which also form peculiar thickenings - "pillows" along the entire length of the main fiber.

When prey enters such a web, it does not stick (as with ordinary spiders), but gets stuck in it. The authors of the work believe that the trapping properties of spider webs with cribellum are largely due to the electrification of the web. It is possible that new data will be useful in the development of new polymeric materials from artificial nanofibers.

Curiously, two years ago, zoologists from the University of California at Berkeley published an article in Scientific Reports discussing the negative charge on ordinary sticky webs. An insect that acquires a small positive charge in flight will obviously have a harder time getting out of a net that is not only sticky but also negatively charged. However, it should be noted that the division of spiders into "ordinary", with an adhesive web, and "unusual", with a cribellum, is rather arbitrary - in the same spider families, species with both strategies can come across.

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