Electrical circuits and their elements. Scheme, description

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Electric circuits and their elements. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electricity for beginners

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An electric circuit is a set of devices and objects that form a path for electric current, electromagnetic processes in which can be described using the concepts of electromotive force, current and voltage.

In a DC electrical circuit, both direct currents and currents can act, the direction of which remains constant, and the value changes arbitrarily in time or according to some law.

The electrical circuit consists of separate devices or elements, which, according to their purpose, can be divided into 3 groups. The first group consists of elements designed to generate electricity (power supplies). The second group - elements that convert electricity into other types of energy (mechanical, thermal, light, chemical, etc.). These elements are called receivers of electrical energy (electric receivers). The third group includes elements designed to transfer electricity from a power source to an electrical receiver (wires, devices that ensure the level and quality of voltage, etc.).

DC circuit power sources are galvanic cells, electric batteries, electromechanical generators, thermoelectric generators, photocells, etc. All power sources have internal resistance, the value of which is small compared to the resistance of other elements of the electrical circuit.

DC electrical receivers are electric motors that convert electrical energy into mechanical, heating and lighting devices, etc. All electrical receivers are characterized by electrical parameters, among which the most basic ones can be named - voltage and power.

For normal operation of the power receiver, it is necessary to maintain the rated voltage at its terminals (terminals). For DC receivers, it is 27, 110, 220, 440 V, as well as 6, 12, 24, 36 V.

A graphic representation of an electrical circuit containing the symbols of its elements and showing the connections of these elements is called an electrical circuit diagram. In table. 2 shows the symbols used in the depiction of electrical circuits.

A section of an electrical circuit along which the same current flows is called a branch. The junction of the branches of the electrical circuit is called a node. In electrical diagrams, a node is indicated by a dot.

Any closed path that passes through several branches is called an electrical circuit loop. The simplest electrical circuit has a single-loop circuit, complex electrical circuits have several circuits.

Table 2. Symbols in wiring diagrams
Electrical circuits and their elements

The elements of the electrical circuit are various electrical devices that can operate in different modes. The operating modes of both individual elements and the entire electrical circuit are characterized by current and voltage values. Since the current and voltage in the general case can take on any values, there can be an infinite number of modes.

Idle mode is a mode in which there is no current in the circuit. This situation can occur when the circuit is broken.

The rated mode occurs when the power source or any other element of the circuit operates at the values of current, voltage and power indicated in the passport of this electrical device. These values correspond to the most optimal operating conditions of the device in terms of economy, reliability, durability, etc.

The short circuit mode is the mode when the receiver resistance is zero, which corresponds to the connection of the positive and negative terminals of the power supply with zero resistance. The short-circuit current can reach high values, many times higher than the rated current. Therefore, the short circuit mode for most electrical installations is emergency.

The matched mode of the power supply and the external circuit occurs when the resistance of the external circuit is equal to the internal resistance. In this case, the current in the circuit is 2 times less than the short-circuit current.

The most common and simplest types of connections in an electrical circuit are series and parallel connections.

Author: Smirnova L.N.

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