Electricity. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electricity for beginners
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First of all, it is worth finding out what constitutes an electric current. Electric current is the ordered movement of charged particles in a conductor. In order for it to arise, an electric field must first be created, under the influence of which the above-mentioned charged particles will begin to move.
The first information about electricity, which appeared many centuries ago, related to electrical "charges" obtained through friction.
Already in ancient times, people knew that amber, worn on wool, acquires the ability to attract light objects. But only at the end of the XNUMXth century, the English physician Gilbert studied this phenomenon in detail and found out that many other substances have exactly the same properties.
Bodies capable, like amber, after being rubbed to attract light objects, he called electrified. This word is derived from the Greek electron - "amber". At present, we say that there are electric charges on bodies in this state, and the bodies themselves are called "charged".
Electric charges always arise when different substances are in close contact. If the bodies are solid, then their close contact is prevented by microscopic protrusions and irregularities that exist on their surface. By squeezing such bodies and rubbing them together, we bring their surfaces together, which without pressure would touch only at a few points.
In some bodies, electric charges can move freely between different parts, while in others this is not possible. In the first case, the bodies are called "conductors", and in the second - "dielectrics, or insulators". Conductors are all metals, aqueous solutions of salts and acids, etc. Examples of insulators are amber, quartz, ebonite and all gases that are under normal conditions.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that the division of bodies into conductors and dielectrics is very arbitrary. All substances conduct electricity to a greater or lesser extent. Electric charges are either positive or negative.
This kind of current will not last long, because the electrified body will run out of charge. For the continuous existence of an electric current in a conductor, it is necessary to maintain an electric field. For these purposes, electric current sources are used. The simplest case of the occurrence of an electric current is when one end of the wire is connected to an electrified body, and the other to the ground.
Electric circuits supplying current to lighting bulbs and electric motors did not appear until after the invention of batteries, which dates back to about 1800. After that, the development of the doctrine of electricity went so fast that in less than a century it became not just a part of physics, but formed the basis of a new electrical civilization.
Author: Smirnova L.N.
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