Multi-level battery voltage indicator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Automobile. Batteries, chargers
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This simple device is designed to monitor the state of the car's on-board network and can significantly extend the life of the battery, preventing its discharge by more than 50%.
The device monitors the battery voltage level with high accuracy and informs about its condition, and also allows you to notice a malfunction of the car's electromechanical voltage regulator in time.
The state of the battery can be judged by the density of the electrolyte in each element (bank).
For the average geographic latitude, the density of the electrolyte in a fully discharged, half-discharged and fully charged battery corresponds to 1,11, 1,19 and 1,27 g/cm3. For these states, the battery voltage will be 11,7, 12,18 and 12,66 V.
Periodic monitoring of the electrolyte density requires a lot of time, and to measure the voltage with the required accuracy, you need either a digital voltmeter or a pointer with an extended scale.
The device described below makes it possible to do without these devices and is more convenient in operation, since it can continuously monitor the state of the on-board network.
The device circuit (Fig. 4.8) is assembled on just one D1 chip (K1401UD2A) and consists of four comparators made on operational amplifiers, which, using the HL1 ... HL4 LEDs, allow you to inform about the voltage level in one of five intervals (see. Fig. 4.9) by the glow of the corresponding indicator. By the glow of two LEDs at once (or their "blinking"), you can accurately determine the moment the voltage is at the border between the corresponding intervals.
Rice. 4.8. Scheme of a multilevel voltage indicator
Rice. 4.9. Device operation levels
If none of the LEDs is lit, it means that the voltage is below 11,7V.
The glow of the HL1 indicator informs the driver about a malfunction in the operation of the regulator-generator system - when the engine is running, it charges the battery, but the voltage should not exceed 14,8 V. If the HL4 indicator is on, this means that the battery is discharged by more than 50 % and it must be urgently put on recharging.
The topology of the device's printed circuit board and the arrangement of elements on it, except T1 and C3, are shown in Fig. 4.10. The board has one jumper on the side where the elements are installed.
The device circuit uses capacitors C1 type K10-17, C2, C3 type K73-9 for 250 V, a small-sized tuning resistor R5 type SPZ-19a, and the remaining resistors type C2-23 (or any small ones).
Since there is no rating for the R4 500 Ohm resistor in the series, it can be made up of two 1 kOhm resistors connected in parallel. The designation of a precision zener diode VD1 (D818E) can have any last letter, however, zener diodes with a designation ending in the letters E, D and G are the most thermally stable.
As LEDs, in addition to those indicated on the diagram, you can use any of the instrumentation series - they glow quite brightly at low current consumption. Diodes VD2 ... VD4 fit any pulse.
Choke T1 is made on a ring core size K10x6x3 of ferrite grade 2000NM1. The windings contain 30 turns of PELSHO-0,12 wire. The throttle, when the phases of the windings are turned on correctly, protects the circuit from pulsation and interference in the on-board network during engine operation.
Rice. 4.10. PCB topology and element layout
Establishing the indicator consists in setting the lower (resistor R5) and upper (resistor R1) required thresholds for the operation of the indicators, while all intermediate values of the levels of the comparators will correspond to Fig. 4.9.
The current consumed by the indicator depends on the voltage in the controlled circuit and is about 20 mA.
See other articles Section Automobile. Batteries, chargers.
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