Types and characteristics of solar batteries. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

 Comments on the article

The solar battery consists of individual elements connected in series-parallel (Fig. 1.3, 1.4).

The elements are used in portable electronic devices, for miniature lamps (LEDs) and cell phone chargers.

Photomultipliers (PMTs) are the prototype of modern solar cells.

Photomultipliers

Photomultipliers with high gain and high speed are widely used in dosimetric instruments using scintillators - substances that react to an ionizing particle penetrating into them with a flash of light.

Fig1 3. Element with the name EL44. Voltage 1,6 V, current 25 mA.

Fig.1.4. Element RS5415.5. Voltage 1,2 V, current 22 mA

The parameters of some domestic photomultipliers are given in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3. Photomultipliers

The process of converting light (photons) energy into electrical (voltage) is called the PV effect. It was discovered in 1954 when scientists discovered that 4to silicon (this element is the basis of ordinary sand) creates electrical energy when it is illuminated by sunlight. Soon, solar cells were being used to power the electronics of space satellites and small electronic devices such as calculators and watches.

When a battery is connected to a solar panel for charging, it is usually necessary to include a controller in the circuit to prevent overcharging. This circuit uses a parallel connection method. With this method, the solar panel is always connected to the battery via a series diode. When the solar panel charges the battery to the desired maximum voltage, the circuit connects a load resistor in parallel with the solar panel to absorb excess power from the solar panel.

The function of the useful power delivered by the solar battery to the load depends on the generated voltage, which in turn depends on insolation - that is, on the intensity of sunlight - and the temperature of the battery itself. Operating on the current/voltage curve anywhere other than the point of maximum drawable power results in a reduction in operating efficiency and a loss of available energy. Therefore, maximum power point control is a necessary feature in advanced solar power source control systems, as it can increase practical efficiency often by 30% or more.

Systems powered by renewable sources, such as solar panels or wind generators, typically store the energy in batteries and then release it to the load. Often, both of these processes occur independently. Periodic calculation of the remaining charge of the battery guarantees a good and long battery life, the same applies to the control of the current supplied by the battery to the load. The current battery charge is calculated based on its previously calculated charge, plus the energy received when charging or minus the energy given to the load.

photovoltaic converter

FEPs are used in conditions of good illumination.

There are several types of solar silicon cells; the most efficient type (PVC) is made of single-crystal silicon. The efficiency of such (PVC) reaches 24%.

Common PVCs based on single crystals have an efficiency of up to 17,5%. The service life is practically unlimited, in addition to a slight darkening of the technological polymer, which is also a sealant for photographic plates; Based on this, the service life can reach a quarter of a century.

The times when solar panels were very bulky, fragile and delicate are gradually fading away and manufacturers are offering more and more extreme versions of these ecological energy sources.

Solar cells made of polycrystalline silicon have a maximum efficiency of up to 15%, the service life is close to the service life of single-crystal silicon. The cost of polycrystalline silicon is slightly lower than monocrystalline.

There are a lot of electronic devices based on photocells. Moreover, miniature photocells, such as those shown in Fig. 1.3 and 1.4 have low power and, accordingly, low cost. However, in amateur radio developments, it is appropriate to use these inexpensive photocells and even make small solar panels out of them. As one of the examples, consider the device of a flashlight with a "solar" element.

About Solar Modules

Solar battery modules are structurally implemented in the form of a monolithic laminate of soldered single-crystal elements.

The frame solar battery is made in the form of a panel enclosed in an aluminum profile frame. The panel is a photovoltaic generator consisting of a glass plate with elements laminated on it.

A diode block is attached to the inside of the module housing, under the cover of which there are electrical contacts intended for connecting the module.

Frameless modules are a laminate on aluminum, fiberglass, and also without any substrate. The solar cells are sandwiched between two layers of EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) laminating film. The front side is protected by an optically transparent PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film, and the back side is protected either by a substrate (glass fiber, aluminum) or the same PET film without additional requirements for optical characteristics.

Solar panels keep working:

• in the temperature range from -50°C to +75°C;
• atmospheric pressure 84-106,7 kPa;
• relative humidity up to 100%;
• rain with an intensity of 5mm/min;
• snow or ice-wind load up to 2000 Pa.

The solar battery is, first of all, a complete photovoltaic converter, which was discussed above, its technical characteristics are valid both for individual cells and for solar batteries.

Author: Kashkarov A.P.

See other articles Section Alternative energy sources.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Alcohol content of warm beer 07.05.2024

Beer, as one of the most common alcoholic drinks, has its own unique taste, which can change depending on the temperature of consumption. A new study by an international team of scientists has found that beer temperature has a significant impact on the perception of alcoholic taste. The study, led by materials scientist Lei Jiang, found that at different temperatures, ethanol and water molecules form different types of clusters, which affects the perception of alcoholic taste. At low temperatures, more pyramid-like clusters form, which reduces the pungency of the "ethanol" taste and makes the drink taste less alcoholic. On the contrary, as the temperature increases, the clusters become more chain-like, resulting in a more pronounced alcoholic taste. This explains why the taste of some alcoholic drinks, such as baijiu, can change depending on temperature. The data obtained opens up new prospects for beverage manufacturers, ... >>

Major risk factor for gambling addiction 07.05.2024

Computer games are becoming an increasingly popular form of entertainment among teenagers, but the associated risk of gaming addiction remains a significant problem. American scientists conducted a study to determine the main factors contributing to this addiction and offer recommendations for its prevention. Over the course of six years, 385 teenagers were followed to find out what factors may predispose them to gambling addiction. The results showed that 90% of study participants were not at risk of addiction, while 10% became gambling addicts. It turned out that the key factor in the onset of gambling addiction is a low level of prosocial behavior. Teenagers with a low level of prosocial behavior do not show interest in the help and support of others, which can lead to a loss of contact with the real world and a deepening dependence on virtual reality offered by computer games. Based on these results, scientists ... >>

Traffic noise delays the growth of chicks 06.05.2024

The sounds that surround us in modern cities are becoming increasingly piercing. However, few people think about how this noise affects the animal world, especially such delicate creatures as chicks that have not yet hatched from their eggs. Recent research is shedding light on this issue, indicating serious consequences for their development and survival. Scientists have found that exposure of zebra diamondback chicks to traffic noise can cause serious disruption to their development. Experiments have shown that noise pollution can significantly delay their hatching, and those chicks that do emerge face a number of health-promoting problems. The researchers also found that the negative effects of noise pollution extend into the adult birds. Reduced chances of reproduction and decreased fertility indicate the long-term effects that traffic noise has on wildlife. The study results highlight the need ... >>

Random news from the Archive Predatory bacteria as a living antibiotic 30.11.2016 Dr. Serge Mostowy of Imperial College London (UK) and his colleagues found that the "predatory" bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus can be used as an effective remedy against Shigella bacteria, which are increasingly developing resistance to antibiotics and causing severe inflammatory diseases. Shigella bacteria are responsible for more than 160 million cases of illness and more than a million deaths each year. It is the most common cause of so-called "traveler's diarrhea". The spread of drug-resistant strains of bacteria is also on the rise, as antibiotics are often used even in mild cases to stop the disease more quickly, even though diarrhea usually clears up on its own without treatment. Antibiotic resistance has prompted researchers to study the bacterium's natural "enemies". For the experiment, the researchers used zebrafish fry that had been infected with a deadly titer of Shigella flexner strain M90T, which is resistant to streptomycin and carbenicillin. The scientists then injected Bdellovibrio bacteria into the infected wounds and observed a decrease in the number of Shigella. It is significant that in the absence of a "predatory" bacterium, zebrafish would be unable to control the reproduction of a pathogenic infection. Scientists have found that the Bdellovibrio bacterium can kill a number of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella, in the natural environment. Previous research has shown that it can reduce the number of disease-causing bacteria in the stomach of chickens when taken as an oral therapy, but there is a growing need to develop treatments for infections in wounds and organs. The successful use of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus indicates its potential use in the treatment of a number of drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Using bacteria to get rid of other bacteria may seem like an unusual solution, but in light of the looming threat from drug-resistant infections, the potential for beneficial bacterial interactions should not be overlooked. Researchers are increasingly relying on the latest lines of antibiotics, but this groundbreaking research demonstrates how predatory bacteria can be an important addition to existing infection-fighting drugs.

Other interesting news:

▪ Altruism relieves stress

▪ Cyclist safety

▪ UK to build big underwater robots

▪ Illuminated glasses

▪ The brain predicts the future

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Color and music installations. Selection of articles

▪ article Spinning machine. History of invention and production

▪ article Which dog managed to win the fight against the jaguar that escaped from the cage of the zoo? Detailed answer

▪ article On duty at the escalator, working in a trade organization. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Low-frequency amplifier on the TDA1514 chip. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Another way to make a printed circuit board. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024