Survey of geothermal resources. Scheme, description

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Geothermal energy. Survey of geothermal resources. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Geothermal resources occupy one of the first places in terms of their total heat and power potential and concentration within promising regions. At the same time, a reliable assessment of the volumes of involvement of geothermal resources in the fuel and energy balance is a rather complex scientific and technical problem. Its solution is associated with the need to take into account a complex of natural (geological, hydrogeological, geothermal, etc.), technical, technological, environmental and, finally, economic conditions, parameters and indicators. However, to date, certain domestic and foreign experience has been accumulated, which allows a fairly reasonable approach to the assessment of geothermal energy resources, possible and economically feasible volumes of their use in a number of regions of Russia.

Currently, it is customary to distinguish two main classes of geothermal resources: hydrogeothermal and petrogeothermal. Hydrogeothermal resources are that part of geothermal energy resources that is contained in natural reservoirs and is represented by natural heat carriers: groundwater, steam or steam-water mixtures. Petrogeothermal resources are part of the thermal energy that is directly related to the skeleton of water-bearing rocks and to almost impermeable rocks.

The predicted resources of hydrogeothermal energy are the maximum amount of natural coolant and thermal energy that can be obtained from a system of conditional water intakes located relatively evenly over the entire assessed area with technical and economic production indicators that ensure their efficient heat and power use during the estimated period.

Operational reserves of hydrogeothermal energy (thermal water and heat) are part of the predicted resources that can be obtained from the assessed aquifer (complex) by technically, economically and environmentally rational water intake facilities for a given mode of their operation and the appropriate quality of the coolant (temperature, chemical and gas composition) that meets the requirements of its intended use during the entire estimated service life.

As noted above, operating reserves are estimated based on the results of a complex of geological exploration works at specific deposits to meet the demand for a coolant for specific economic facilities. The degree of exploration of these reserves is high, and in the vast majority of cases they are classified as prepared for industrial development.

The value of predicted resources and operational reserves of hydrogeothermal energy largely depends on the technology used to extract them from the bowels.

Currently, the following technologies are known and used in the scientific and technical literature:

traditional, based on the predominant use of reservoir energy of the subsoil;
geocirculation (GCC-technology), based on the re-injection of the "waste" coolant into productive aquifers, which achieves the replenishment of coolant resources in the subsoil, maintaining reservoir pressures and, accordingly, intensifying the process of extracting the thermal energy of the subsoil, as well as solving the problem of environmentally safe discharge of used water.

Traditional technology is implemented with flowing or pumping methods of well operation. At the same time, the fountain operation of wells is considered as a purely extensive method of extracting coolant from the bowels, limited by the amount of excess water pressure above the earth's surface (wellhead). As a rule, these heads are insignificant and, accordingly, cannot always provide economically viable well productivity.

Geocirculation technology, in turn, is characterized by rather high capital intensity (the need to drill injection wells, construct pumping units, water treatment plants, etc.) and energy intensity (energy costs for pumping coolant). The introduction of GCC technology is a complex problem that requires solving a wide range of hydrogeological, technical, technological and economic problems.

Author: Magomedov A.M.

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