Bioenergy installations. Installations for obtaining biodiesel fuel from biomass. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources
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To maximize the use in the energy sector of low-calorie minerals (coal, shale, peat, oil refinery products), household waste, forestry and agricultural waste, or specially grown biomass, a decomposition process has been developed, which consists in high-speed heating of them to temperatures at which the rate of release of the required products maximum.
The parameters of the fast pyrolysis process, the composition and the amount of released products are preliminarily specified for each type of raw material. The maximum processing temperatures are determined by the temperature of existence of the substance in the condensed phase. Installations are developed for each type of raw material (bulk, crushed solid and liquid). One of the options provides (see Fig. 5.3) the presence in the production line of storage 1, transporting 2 and dosing 3 devices, pyrolysis unit 4, filter 5 that separates the gaseous and solid phases, condensers 6 and 7 and tanks for storing liquid biofuel 8.
Fig.5.3. Biodiesel and biomass plant
High-speed heating of the substance provides: minimal energy loss to the environment; the maximum rate of the process of decomposition of a substance with the release of products into the gas phase; maximum concentration of moisture and its use. The rate of heating of the substance must exceed the rate of physicochemical processes occurring in the processed mass. The output of liquid and gaseous fuels is at least 50% of the organic mass of the raw material.
Inorganic components and products of chemical modification (coal-like residue) remain in the solid phase. The amount of carbon-like residue is determined by the lignin content and is always lower than the amount of residue obtained from other processing methods.
To obtain the main component of liquid fuel, the gas phase is partially condensed (low molecular weight products formed in the process are not condensed). The gas phase, after condensation or without it, can be sent directly to incineration. The heat of combustion (calorific value) of the main component of the fuel is usually greater than the gross calorific value of dry fuel of this type. Thus, the gross calorific value of wood is 4500 kcal/kg, and the heat of combustion of the liquid and gaseous components is 5500 kcal/kg.
Liquid and gaseous fuels can be used as a motor fuel in internal combustion engines and in diesel-electric installations.
Installations work at the expense of the electric power or at the expense of combustion of products of processing of raw materials. Energy costs range from 5 to 12% of the energy produced by the fuel.
Advantages of the process: high speed, high degree of conversion of processed products, small dimensions of the main unit of the installation, low energy consumption per unit of processed products, low cost of energy obtained from reaction products.
When processing sawdust from 2 tons of sawdust per day, 1 - 1,2 tons of liquid and gaseous fuels are obtained. Payback period - 3 years.
Characteristics of Liquid Biofuel Produced by Rapid Biomass Pyrolysis
Yield of pyrolysis products,%
Liquid Biofuels..........40 - 50
Charcoal..........15 - 20
Non-condensed gas ..........15 - 30
Chemical composition of biofuel,%
Hydrocarbons..........5-10
Lignin..........30
Organic acids..........5-12
Sugar.........5-10
Other connections ..........25
Author: Magomedov A.M.
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